Immunopathology of Dirofilaria immitis infection

Simón, F.; Kramer, L. H.; Román, A.; Blasini, W.; Morchón, R.; Marcos-Atxutegi, C.; Grandi, G.; Genchi, C.

doi:10.1007/s11259-006-3387-0

Cited by 66Parasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentHelminth infection and controlParasites and Host Interactions

Immunopathology of Dirofilaria immitis infection

Simón, F., Kramer, L. H., Román, A., Blasini, W., Morchón, R., Marcos-Atxutegi, C., Grandi, G., Genchi, C.·2007·Veterinary Research Communications

DOI 10.1007/s11259-006-3387-0

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Abstract

Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. Studies have shown that both dirofilarial antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology and in the regulation of the host's immune response. Both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the development of the acquired response may depend on the host and, or on its parasitological status. This review aims at illustrating current research on the role of both D. immitis and Wolbachia, in the immunology and immunopathology of dirofilariosis.

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The sensitivity of antigen detection in infected cats is low, because these hosts generally harbor a low number of adult worms, or because symptoms occur when the parasites are in larval stages.
“It is known that the sensitivity of the detection of antigens in infected cats is low, because these hosts generally harbor a low number of adult worms, or because the symptoms produced by their presence occur when the parasites are in larval stages (20–22).”
From Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Immunohistochemical staining to confirm Wolbachia or its molecules in nodules can be helpful because positive reaction indicates prior presence of Dirofilaria.
“Immunohistochemical staining to confirm the existence of Wolbachia or its molecules in nodules can also be helpful, because a positive reaction indicates the prior presence of Dirofilaria (390).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [390]
The types of immune responses induced by nematode and Wolbachia antigens and their predominance are related to survival or death of the parasite and to the inflammatory response in dirofilariasis.
“The types of responses induced by the two antigenic sets and the predominance of one over the other are related to the survival or death of the parasite and to the inflammatory response typically found in cases of dirofilariasis (390).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [390]
Most patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis demonstrate an exclusively IgG1-based (Th1) proinflammatory response to WSP, whereas individuals exposed to D. immitis without pulmonary nodules exhibit a predominantly IgE-based (Th2) response specifically stimulated by parasite galectin and aldolase but not by Wolbachia.
“Most patients diagnosed with pulmonary dirofilariasis demonstrate an exclusively IgG1-based (Th1) proinflammatory response to WSP (390, 396), whereas individuals exposed to D. immitis without pulmonary nodules exhibit a predominantly IgEbased (Th2) response (129, 344) that is specifically stimulated by both a galectin and an aldolase from the parasite but not by Wolbachia (344).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [390]
Inflammation is a main and frequent consequence of dirofilariasis.
“Inflammation is a main and frequent consequence of dirofilariasis (324,328,390,423).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [390]

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“Keywords: canine, feline and human infections; D. immitis, inflammatory reactions, pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine expression, TH1 and TH2-type response; Wolbachia endosymbionts Abbreviations: Dipp, Dirofilaria immitis derived peptides; GroEl, heat-shock protein of D. immitis (hsp60); iNOs, inducible nitric oxide s…”
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Identification of immunoreactive proteins from the dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) differentially recognized by the sera from dogs with patent or occult infections
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Authors: Simón, F., Kramer, L. H., Román, A., Blasini, W., Morchón, R., Marcos-Atxutegi, C., Grandi, G., & Genchi, C.
Affiliations: Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
University of Parma (IT)
University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (PR)
University of Milan (IT)
Corresponding author: Simón, F.
ORCID: Simón, F.
Kramer, L. H.
Román, A.
Morchón, R.
Grandi, G.
Venue: Veterinary Research Communications
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-12-23
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 161-171
ISSN: 0165-7380 (ISSN-L)
1573-7446
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3387-0
OpenAlex: W2000569541
Cited by: 66
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Veterinary Research Communications (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
Keywords: Dirofilaria immitis, heartworm disease, immunopathology, Wolbachia, host immune response, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, canine heartworm disease, feline heartworm infection, endosymbionts
MeSH terms: Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Wolbachia

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Immunopathology of Dirofilaria immitis infection

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