Altered lymphocyte distribution in Alzheimer’s disease
Abstract
The contribution of immunological factors in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly noted. Apart from cerebral immunological findings, peripheral changes of the immune systems have been reported including lymphocyte function and subset distribution. As data still remain inconsistent, we investigated a sample of 43 patients with AD and of 34 healthy age-matched controls. Distribution of the T-, B- and NK cell subsets was determined by flow cytometry (FACS). We found a significant decrease of CD3(+) lymphocytes as well as of CD19(+) lymphocytes. A slight increase of the CD4(+) and a decrease of the CD8(+) subpopulation could be observed, without significant change of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio. CD16(+)56(+) cells were not altered. Our findings of decreased T- and B-Cell numbers in AD sustain the hypothesis of a general decline of immune activity in AD. A putative association with premature immunosenescence in AD and possible pathogenetic implications are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other reports showed either no correlation or a positive association between peripheral B cell number and AD severity.
“while other reports showed either no correlation [86] or a positive association [90].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
Investigations on proportions and phenotypes of circulating B cells in AD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls have concluded in a significant reduction of both absolute numbers and percentages of blood B cells in AD patients.
“Investigations performed on the proportions and phenotypes of circulating B cells in AD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls have concluded in a significant reduction of both the absolute numbers and percentages of blood B cells in AD patients [84 -87].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse
Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22124 · Cited by 3,160 · see citing works
Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease—A Double-Edged Sword
Wyss-Coray, T., & Mucke, L. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00794-8 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS
Streit, W. J. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10154 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Rogers, J., Luber-Narod, J., Styren, S. D., & Civin, W. H. (1988) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(88)80079-4 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Occurrence of T cells in the brain of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases
Togo, T., Akiyama, H., Iseki, E., Kondo, H., Ikeda, K., Kato, M., Oda, T., Tsuchiya, K., & Kosaka, K. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00496-9 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer disease
McGeer, P. L. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00289-5 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Telomere shortening in T cells correlates with Alzheimer's disease status
Panossian, L. A. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00043-x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Cytokine-induced survival of activated T cells in vitro and in vivo
Vella, A. T., DOW, S. W., Potter, T. A., Kappler, J. W., & Marrack, P. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3810 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Microglia and inflammatory mechanisms in the clearance of amyloid β peptide
Rogers, J., Strohmeyer, R., Kovelowski, C. J., & Li, R. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10153 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease : basic mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies
Iqbal, K. (1991) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Itagaki, S., McGeer, P. L., & Akiyama, H. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90690-8 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Astrocytes Regulate Microglial Phagocytosis of Senile Plaque Cores of Alzheimer's Disease
DeWitt, D. A., Perry, G., Cohen, M., Doller, C., & Silver, J. (1998) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1997.6738 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Reduced levels of amyloid β-peptide antibody in Alzheimer disease
Du, Y., Dodel, R. C., Hampel, H. J., Büerger, K., Lin, S., Eastwood, B. J., Bales, K. R., Gao, F., Moeller, H. –., Oertel, W. H., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.5.801 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Intrahippocampal LPS injections reduce Aβ load in APP+PS1 transgenic mice
DiCarlo, G. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00292-5 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer's Disease
Monsonego, A., & Weiner, H. L. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088469 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Psychoneuroimmunology: Interactions between central nervous system and immune system
Solomon, G. F. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490180103 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Dual effect of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells in neurodegeneration: A dialogue with microglia
Kipnis, J., Avidan, H., Caspi, R. R., & Schwartz, M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404842101 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Reale, M., Iarlori, C., Gambi, F., Feliciani, C., Salone, A., Toma, L., Luca, G. D., Salvatore, M., Conti, P., & Gambi, D. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Trieb, K., Ransmayr, G. N., Sgonc, R., Lassmann, H., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (1996) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(96)00068-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
T lymphocyte subpopulations and activation markers correlate with severity of Alzheimer's disease.
Shalit, F., Sredni, B., Brodie, C., Kott, E., & Huberman, M. (1995) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1006/clin.1995.1078 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Decline of immune responsiveness: A pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer’s disease?
Richartz, E., Stransky, E., Batra, A., Simon, P. D., Lewczuk, P., Buchkremer, G., BARTELS, M., & Schott, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.12.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationFranceschi, C., Monti, D., Scarfı̀, M. R., Zeni, O., Temperani, P., Emilia, G., Sansoni, P., Lioi, M. B., Troiano, L., AGNESINI, C., et al. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38643.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The decrease of CD8-positive lymphocytes in Alzheimer's disease
Pirttilä, T., Mattinen, S., & Frey, H. (1992) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(92)90284-r · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Immunology and Aging:Philip Levine Award
Walford, R. L. (1980) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/74.3.247 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Immunopathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Some Related Disorders
Kalaria, R. N. (1993) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00761.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Immunologic dysfunction: simultaneous study of alzheimer's and older down's patients
Singh, V. K., Fudenberg, H. H., & Brown, F. R. (1986) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(86)90043-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Studies of neuroimmune markers in Alzheimer's disease
Singh, V. K. (1994) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02816106 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT)
Skias, D. D., Bania, M. B., Reder, A. T., Luchins, D. J., & Antel, J. P. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.11.1635 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Park, E., Alberti, J., Mehta, P. D., Dalton, A. J., Sersen, E. A., & Schuller‐Levis, G. (2000) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1006/clim.2000.4834 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neuroautoimmunity: Pathogenic Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Singh, V. K. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000213837 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Telomere Dysfunction of Lymphocytes in Patients With Alzheimer Disease
Zhang, J., Kong, Q., Zhang, Z., Ge, P., Ba, D., & He, W. (2003) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/00146965-200309000-00004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The possible role of the immune system in Alzheimer’s disease
Marx, F., Blasko, I., Pavelka, M., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (1998) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00028-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Immunological indices in presenile Alzheimer's disease
Tavolato, B. F., & Argentiero, V. (1980) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(80)90057-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Autoimmunity as a special case of immunity: removing threats from within
Nevo, U., Kipnis, J., Golding, I., Shaked, I., Neumann, A. U., AKSELROD, S., & Schwartz, M. (2003) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1471-4914(03)00024-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An Analysis of T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Leffell, M. S., Lumsden, L., & Steiger, W. A. (1985) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb02851.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ikeda, T., Yamamoto, K., Takahashi, K., & Yamada, M. (1991) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05573.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
T Cell Response to Amyloid-β and to Mitochondrial Antigens in Alzheimer’s Disease
Giubilei, F., Antonini, G., Montesperelli, C., Sepe‐Monti, M., Cannoni, S., Pichi, A., Tisei, P., Casini, A. R., Buttinelli, C., Prencipe, M., et al. (2003) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000069991 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lymphopenia in primary degenerative dementia
Tollefson, G. D., Michael Godes, J., Warren, B., Haus, E. L., Luxenberg, M. G., & Garvey, M. (1989) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(89)90024-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Senile dementia, alzheimer type: A distinct entity in the immunosenescence?
Antonaci, S., Garofalo, A. R., Chicco, C., Polignano, A., Pugliese, P., Misefari, A., & Jirillo, E. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.1860040106 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Licastro, F., Savorani, G., Sarti, G., Salsi, A., Cavazzuti, F., Zanichello, L., Tucci, G., Mocchegiani, E., & Fabris, N. (1990) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(90)90070-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuroimmune axis as a basis of therapy in Alzheimer’s disease
Singh, V. K. (1990) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7128-0_12 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hu, G., Walls, R. S., Creasey, H. M., McCusker, E. A., & Broe, G. A. (1995) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1995.tb01525.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Immunologic and inflammatory mediators and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Ahluwalia, N., & Vellas, B. J. (2003) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8561(02)00048-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Distribution of peripheral lymphocytes in Alzheimer patients and controls
Dysken, M. W., Minichiello, M. D., Hill, J., Skare, S. S., Little, J. T., Molchan, S. E., & Sunderland, T. (1992) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(92)90024-i · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Functional study of T lymphocyte responsiveness in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
Leonardi, A., Arata, L., Bino, G., Caira, M., Farinelli, M., Parodi, C., SCUDELETTI, M., & Canonica, G. W. (1989) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(89)90004-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gender differences and the interpretation of genetic instability in Alzheimer's disease
Cherry, L. M., Funk, J., Lesser, J., & Lesam, M. (1992) · Mutation Research/DNAging · doi:10.1016/0921-8734(92)90009-e · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zujovic (2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(20000215)29:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wyss-Coray (2006) · doi:10.1038/nm1484 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments
Zuo, L., Prather, E. R., Stetskiv, M., Garrison, D. E., Meade, J. R., Peace, T. I., & Zhou, T. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184472 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Inflammaging as a prodrome to Alzheimer's disease
Giunta, B., Fernandez, F., Nikolic, W. V., Obregon, D., Rrapo, E., Town, T., & Tan, J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-51 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease
Schwartz, M., & Shechter, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.71 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Dramatic Shifts in Circulating CD4 but not CD8 T Cell Subsets in Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Witkowski, J., Schipper, H., Derhovanessian, E., Goldeck, D., & Fulop, T. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1015 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration and Ageing in the HAART Era
Brew, B. J., Crowe, S. M., LANDAY, A. L., Cysique, L. A., & Guillemin, G. J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-008-9143-1 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: a brief review
Park, J., Han, S.-H., & Mook‐Jung, I. (2020) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.1.309 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Lueg, G., Groß, C. C., Lohmann, H., Johnen, A., Kemmling, A., Deppe, M., Groger, J., Minnerup, J., Wiendl, H., Meuth, S. G., et al. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.008 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Rojas-Gutierrez, E., Muñoz‐Arenas, G., Treviño, S., Espinosa, B., Chávez, R., Rojas, K., Flores, G., Díaz, A., & Guevara, J. (2017) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21990 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases
DeMaio, A., Mehrotra, S., Sambamurti, K., & Husain, S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in a 3xTg-AD Alzheimer's disease model
Baek, H., Ye, M., Kang, G., Lee, C., Lee, G., Choi, D. B., Jung, J., Kim, H., Lee, S., Kim, J. S., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12469 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Role of the peripheral innate immune system in the development of Alzheimer's disease
Page, A. Y. L., Dupuis, G., Frost, E. H., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Witkowski, J. M., & Fülöp, T. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.019 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Can Infections Cause Alzheimer's Disease?
Mawanda, F., & Wallace, R. B. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxs007 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Immune profiling of Alzheimer patients
Pellicanò, M., Larbi, A., Goldeck, D., Colonna‐Romano, G., Buffa, S., Bulati, M., Rubino, G., Iemolo, F., Candore, G., Caruso, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer's disease patients
Bonotis, K. S., Krikki, E., Holeva, V., Aggouridaki, C., Costa, V., & Balogiannis, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.020 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The putative neurodegenerative links between depression and Alzheimer's disease
Wuwongse, S., Chang, R. C., & Law, A. C. K. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
A deficiency in CCR2+ monocytes: the hidden side of Alzheimer’s disease
Naert, G., & Rivest, S. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjt028 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Systemic immune system alterations in early stages of Alzheimer's disease
Zhang, R., Miller, R. G., Madison, C. A., Jin, X., Honrada, R., Harris, W., Katz, J., Forshew, D. A., & McGrath, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.01.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from peripheral immune cells
Zhang, Q., Yang, G., Luo, Y., Jiang, L., Chi, H., & Tian, G. (2024) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
NK Cells in Central Nervous System Disorders
Poli, A., Kmiecik, J., Domingues, O., Hentges, F., Bléry, M., Chekenya, M., Boucraut, J., & Zimmer, J. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1203401 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mietelska‐Porowska, A., & Wojda, U. (2017) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2017/4626540 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Systemic and Acquired Immune Responses in Alzheimer's Disease
Britschgi, M., & Wyss‐Coray, T. (2007) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82011-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dysregulation of Systemic Immunity in Aging and Dementia
Lutshumba, J., Nikolajczyk, B. S., & Bachstetter, A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.652111 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Alterations in the Peripheral Immune System in Dementia
Busse, M., Michler, E., von Hoff, F., Dobrowolny, H., Hartig, R., Frodl, T., & Busse, S. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161304 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
miR-155 is involved in Alzheimer’s disease by regulating T lymphocyte function
Song, J., & Lee, J. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00061 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Späni, C., Suter, T., Derungs, R., Ferretti, M. T., Welt, T., Wirth, F., Gericke, C., Nitsch, R. M., & Kulic, L. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Pellicanò, M., Bulati, M., Buffa, S., Barbagallo, M., Di Prima, A., Misiano, G., Picone, P., Di Carlo, M., Nuzzo, D., Candore, G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-091714 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sayed, A., Bahbah, E. I., Kamel, S., Barreto, G. E., Ashraf, G. M., & Elfil, M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577398 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dual destructive and protective roles of adaptive immunity in neurodegenerative disorders
Anderson, K. M., Olson, K. E., Estes, K. A., Flanagan, K., Gendelman, H. E., & Mosley, R. L. (2014) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-25 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Trojan horse - neuroinflammatory impact of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases
Sommer, A., Winner, B., & Prots, I. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0222-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Immunosenescence of Natural Killer Cells, Inflammation, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Solana, C., Tarazona, R., & Solana, R. (2018) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1155/2018/3128758 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Protective and Regenerative Roles of T Cells in Central Nervous System Disorders
Evans, F., Dittmer, M., de la Fuente, A. G., & Fitzgerald, D. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02171 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Reig-Ferrer, A., Ferrer‐Cascales, R., Santos‐Ruiz, A., Campos-Ferrer, A., Prieto-Seva, A., Velasco, I., Fernández-Pascual, M. D., & Albaladejo-Blázquez, N. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-311 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Immune-Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimers Disease: Therapeutic Implications
Bona, D. D., Scapagnini, G., Candore, G., Castiglia, L., Colonna‐Romano, G., Duro, G., Nuzzo, D., Iemolo, F., Lio, D., Pellicanò, M., et al. (2010) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161210790883769 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Immunosenescence, inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Martorana, A., Bulati, M., Buffa, S., Pellicanò, M., Caruso, C., Candore, G., & Colonna‐Romano, G. (2012) · Longevity & Healthspan · doi:10.1186/2046-2395-1-8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on human data
Haage, V., & De Jager, P. L. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Azizi, G., Navabi, S. S., Al-Shukaili, A. K., Seyedzadeh, M. H., Yazdani, R., & Mirshafiey, A. (2015) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Association of Peripheral Blood Cell Profile With Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Huang, L., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.888946 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Neglected Role of Histamine in Alzheimer’s Disease
Naddafi, F., & Mirshafiey, A. (2013) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317513488925 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bartolotti, N., & Lazarov, O. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Aging enhances release of exosomal cytokine mRNAs by Aβ 1‐42 ‐stimulated macrophages
Mitsuhashi, M., Taub, D. D., Kapogiannis, D., Eitan, E., Zukley, L. M., Mattson, M. P., Ferrucci, L., Schwartz, J. B., & Goetzl, E. J. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.13-238980 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mordechai, S., Shufan, E., Katz, B. S. P., & Salman, A. (2016) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c6an01580h · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Liu, W. D., & Fang, H. (2018) · BMC Cell Biology · doi:10.1186/s12860-018-0172-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Page, A. Y. L., Bourgade, K., Lamoureux, J., Frost, E. H., Pawelec, G., Larbi, A., Witkowski, J. M., Dupuis, G., & Fülöp, T. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143054 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Vida, C., de Toda, I. M., Garrido, A., Carro, E., Molina, J. A., & la Fuente, M. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01974 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Söllvander, S., Ekholm-Pettersson, F., Brundin, R.-M., Westman, G., Kilander, L., Paulie, S., Lannfelt, L., & Sehlin, D. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150236 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Peripheral adaptive immunity of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
St‐Amour, I., Bosoi, C. R., Paré, I., Doss, P. M. I. A., Rangachari, M., Hébert, S. S., Bazin, R., & Calon, F. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1380-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tryptophan, Neurodegeneration and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Davies, N. W. S., Guillemin, G. J., & Brew, B. J. (2010) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.4137/ijtr.s4321 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Association of peripheral immunity with cognition, neuroimaging, and Alzheimer’s pathology
Hou, J., Ou, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, P., Tan, L., Yu, J., & Initiative, O. B. O. A. D. N. (2022) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-00968-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chen, A., Oakley, A. E., Monteiro, M. P. A. O., Tuomela, K., Allan, L. M., Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B., O'Brien, J. T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.021 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Premature Immunosenescence Is Associated with Memory Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Petersen, L. E., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Baptista, T. S. A., dos Santos, S. G. R., Ilha, M., Nardi, T. D., Keisermann, M., & Bauer, M. E. (2014) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000358437 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dong, Y., Li, T., Ma, Z., Zhou, C., Wang, X., & Li, J. (2022) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2022/9480398 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Drugs Modulating CD4+ T Cells Blood–Brain Barrier Interaction in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kubick, N., Flournoy, P. C. H., Enciu, A., Mickael, M., & Manda, G. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12090880 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Association of B cell profile and receptor repertoire with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease
Park, J.-C., Noh, J., Jang, S., Kim, K. H., Choi, H., Lee, D., Kim, J., Chung, J., Lee, D. Y., Lee, Y., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111391 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease
Reich, N., & Hölscher, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.614828 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In accord with the animal studies, blood profiling of AD patients indicated heightened adaptive immune responses, such as a total reduction in naive T-cells, a tendency of T-cells to differentiate into CD4 subsets or the elevated activity of pro-inflammatory CD4 Th17 cells (Shalit et al., 1995; Richartz-Salzburger et…”
ResultImmunogenetic Factors of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of HLA Class II
Aliseychik, M., Андреева, Т. В., & Rogaev, E. I. (2018) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297918090122 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Enhanced susceptibility of triple transgenic Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD) mice to acute infection
Montacute, R., Foley, K., Forman, R., Else, K. J., Cruickshank, S. M., & Allan, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0826-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Alzheimer’s Disease
Jadidi‐Niaragh, F., Shegarfi, H., Naddafi, F., & Mirshafiey, A. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02769.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lei, X., Cheng, X., Zhang, X., Liu, G., Cheng, J., Xu, Y., Ju, Z., Zhou, W., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0226-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Amin, J., Boche, D., Clough, Z., Teeling, J. L., Williams, A. P., Gao, Y., Chudley, L., Lau, L. C. K., Smith, F., Harris, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323603 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evidence for Peripheral Immune Activation in Parkinson’s Disease
Chen, X., Feng, W., Ou, R., Liu, J., Yang, J., Fu, J., Cao, B., Chen, Y., Wei, Q., & Shang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.617370 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Aβ1–42 stimulated T cells express P-PKC-δ and P-PKC-ζ in Alzheimer disease
Miscia, S., Ciccocioppo, F., Lanuti, P., Velluto, L., Bascelli, A., Pierdomenico, L., Genovesi, D., Di Siena, A., Santavenere, E., Gambi, F., et al. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pluta, R. M., Ułamek-Kozioł, M., Januszewski, S., & Czuczwar, S. J. (2018) · Folia Neuropathologica · doi:10.5114/fn.2018.74655 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mehta, N. H., Zhou, L., Li, Y., McIntire, L. B., Nordvig, A. S., Butler, T., de Leon, M. J., & Chiang, G. C.-Y. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34012-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lei, X., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Zhou, W., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101990 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases
Poppell, M., Hammel, G., & Ren, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065925 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Natural killer cells in aging and age-related diseases
Qi, C., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106156 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Dyslipidemia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Oliveira, B. C. D. L., Bellozi, P. M. Q., Reis, H. J., & de Oliveira, A. C. P. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mok, S. W.-F., Wong, V. K. W., Lo, H. H., Dias, I. R. D. S. R., Leung, E. L., Law, B. Y. K., & Liu, L. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107480 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Can peripheral leukocytes be used as Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers?
Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Gate, D., Szekely, C. A., & Town, T. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.118 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rizzo, R., Bortolotti, D., Gentili, V., Rotola, A., Bolzani, S., Caselli, E., Tola, M. R., & Luca, D. D. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180777 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Altered Serum IgG Levels to α-Synuclein in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer’s Disease
Koehler, N. K. U., Stransky, E., Shing, M., Gaertner, S., Meyer, M., Schreitmüller, B., Leyhe, T., Laske, C., Maetzler, W., Kahle, P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064649 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of CD56bright NK cells in neurodegenerative disorders
Rodriguez-Mogeda, C., van Ansenwoude, C. M. J., van der Molen, L. H., Strijbis, E. M. M., Mebius, R. E., & de Vries, H. E. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03040-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Decreased expression of B cell related genes in leukocytes of women with Parkinson's disease
Kedmi, M., Bar‐Shira, A., Gurevich, T., Giladi, N., & Orr‐Urtreger, A. (2011) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-6-66 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Blood-Based miRNA Biomarkers as Correlates of Brain-Based miRNA Expression
Kos, M. Z., Puppala, S., Cruz, D. A., Neary, J. L., Kumar, A., Dalan, E., Li, C., Nathanielsz, P. W., & Carless, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.817290 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypes in Alzheimer and Parkinson’s diseases
Garfias, S., Domínguez, B. T., Rojas, A. T., Arroyo, M., Rodríguez, U., Boll, M., Sosa, A. L., Sciutto, E., Adalid-Peralta, L. V., López, Y. M., et al. (2021) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.10.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Riedel, B. C., Daianu, M., Steeg, G. V., Mezher, A. F., Salminen, L. E., Galstyan, A., Thompson, P. M., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00390 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bahado-Singh, R. O., Vishweswaraiah, S., Aydas, B., Yılmaz, A., Metpally, R. P. R., Carey, D. J., Crist, R. C., Berrettini, W. H., Wilson, G. D., Imam, K., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248375 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohammadi, A., Mohammadi, M., Almasi‐Dooghaee, M., & Mirmosayyeb, O. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305322 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gatta, V., Drago, D., Fincati, K., Valenti, M. T., Carbonare, L. D., Sensi, S. L., & Zatta, P. F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015965 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Adaptive lymphocyte profiles correlate to brain Aβ burden in patients with mild cognitive impairment
Stowe, A. M., Ireland, S. J., Ortega, S. B., Chen, D., Huebinger, R. M., Tarumi, T., Harris, T. S., Cullum, C. M., Rosenberg, R. N., Monson, N. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0910-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wu, C., Chu, C., Wang, F., Yang, H., Tseng, W.-S., Chang, C., & Chang, C. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00897-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Levite, M. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.357903 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Inflammatory Mediators in the Frontal Lobe of Patients with Mixed and Vascular Dementia
Mulugeta, E., Molina‐Holgado, F., Elliott, M. S. J., Hortobágyi, T., Perry, R., Kalaria, R. N., Ballard, C. G., & Francis, P. T. (2008) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000118633 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dhanwani, R., Pham, J. W., Premlal, A. L. R., Frazier, A., Kumar, A., Pero, M. E., Bartolini, F., Dutra, J. R., Marder, K. S., Peters, B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00874 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Immunophenotypes in the circulation of patients with mild cognitive impairment
Magaki, S., Yellon, S. M., Mueller, C., & Kirsch, W. M. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pluta, R. M., & Ułamek-Kozioł, M. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Gao, M., Shi, W., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Yang, W., Zheng, X., & Lu, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325530 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maté, I., Cruces, J., Giménez‐Llort, L., & la Fuente, M. D. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140861 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Recent research about mild cognitive impairment in China.
Cheng, Y., & Xiao, S. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.01.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The role of antiviral CD8+ T cells in cognitive impairment
Reagin, K. L., & Funk, K. E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2022.102603 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Differential roles of regulatory T cells in Alzheimer's disease
Jafarzadeh, A., Sheikhi, A., Jafarzadeh, Z., & Nemati, M. (2023) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104778 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ciccocioppo, F., Lanuti, P., Marchisio, M., Gambi, F., Santavenere, E., Pierdomenico, L., Bascelli, A., Velluto, L., Gambi, D., & Miscia, S. (2008) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463200802100104 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Leandro, G. D. S., Lôbo, R. R., Oliveira, D. V. N. P., Moriguti, J. C., & Sakamoto‐Hojo, E. T. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140612380 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nava Catorce, M., Acero, G., & Gevorkian, G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577720 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Age-Related Adaptive Immune Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
Kouli, A., & Williams-Gray, C. H. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223228 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Huang, B., Zhenxin, Y., Chen, S., Tan, Z., Zong, Z., Zhang, H., & Xiong, X. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/1315248 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lennon, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-200190 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A glance through the effects of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and cytokines on Alzheimer's disease
Afsar, A., Chen, M., Xuan, Z., & Li, Z. (2023) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.058 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Goldeck, D., Oettinger, L., Janssen, N., Demuth, I., Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E., & Pawelec, G. (2016) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000382076 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- RICHARTZSALZBURGER, E., BATRA, A., STRANSKY, E., LASKE, C., KOHLER, N., BARTELS, M., BUCHKREMER, G., & SCHOTT, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 174-178
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986300349
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, lymphocyte subsets, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, immunosenescence, CD4/CD8 ratio, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Antigens, CD, Lymphocyte Subsets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
