A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults
Open accessAbstract
Better sleep quality has been associated with better episodic memory performance in young adults. However, the strength of sleep-memory associations in aging has not been well characterized. It is also unknown whether factors such as sleep measurement method (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy, self-report), sleep parameters (e.g., slow wave sleep, sleep duration), or memory task characteristics (e.g., verbal, pictorial) impact the strength of sleep-memory associations. Here, we assessed if the aforementioned factors modulate sleep-memory relationships. Across age groups, sleep-memory associations were similar for sleep measurement methods, however, associations were stronger for PSG than self-report. Age group moderated sleep-memory associations for certain sleep parameters. Specifically, young adults demonstrated stronger positive sleep-memory associations for slow wave sleep than the old, while older adults demonstrated stronger negative associations between greater wake after sleep onset and poorer memory performance than the young. Collectively, these data show that young and older adults maintain similar strength in sleep-memory relationships, but age impacts the specific sleep correlates that contribute to these relationships.
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In older adults, sleep-dependent memory consolidation is reduced compared with younger adults, particularly for declarative/hippocampal-dependent memory.
“In older adults, there is a noticeable reduction in sleep-dependent memory consolidation, particularly for declarative memory, likely linked to a decline in slow-wave sleep.”
From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
The Discussion section on specific sleep parameters reports a weaker association between slow-wave sleep and episodic memory performance in older than younger adults. It does not establish an overall reduction in sleep-dependent memory consolidation or show that declarative memory is particularly affected; it offers possible explanations for the slow-wave finding rather than demonstrating that a decline in slow-wave sleep causes it. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOverall sleep-memory association strength is similar across age groups.
“While overall sleep-memory association strength is similar across age groups [20], specific sleep parameters like SWS and wake after sleep onset show differential relationships with memory performance between young and old [20].”
From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
Specific sleep parameters like slow-wave sleep and wake after sleep onset show differential relationships with memory performance between young and old.
“While overall sleep-memory association strength is similar across age groups [20], specific sleep parameters like SWS and wake after sleep onset show differential relationships with memory performance between young and old [20].”
From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
There is a significant positive association between sleep quality and episodic memory performance, with no overall age differences in sleep-memory association strength.
“The findings indicated a significant positive association between sleep quality and episodic memory performance, with no overall age differences in sleep-memory association strength.”
From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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“The search strategy involved obtaining empirical research articles from PubMed and recent, relevant review articles (Mander et al., 2017; Scullin, 2017; Scullin and Bliwise, 2015a, b, c).”
MethodSchoch, S. F., Cordi, M. J., & Rasch, B. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sleep benefits in parallel implicit and explicit measures of episodic memoryPreprint
Weber, F. D., Wang, J., Jan Born, A., & Inostroza, M. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.033530.113 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effect of 64 hours of sleep deprivation upon sleep in geriatric normals and insomniacs
Bonnet, M. H. (1986) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(86)90145-4 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specifically, following sleep deprivation, older adults have reduced slow wave sleep quantity and REM latency, or quicker entry into REM sleep compared to young adults (Bonnet, 1986).”
ResultThe Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging
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“…specific details about prior events, such as the perceptual or semantic context features of the memory, compared to familiarity for the events themselves, are most sensitive to the effects of age (Bender et al., 2010; Duarte and Dulas, 2020; Koen and Yonelinas, 2014; Mitchell and Johnson, 2009).”
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Sleep spindles provide indirect support to the consolidation of emotional encoding contexts
Cairney, S. A., Durrant, S. J., Jackson, R. L., & Lewis, P. A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nap sleep preserves associative but not item memory performance.
Studte, S., Bridger, E. K., & Mecklinger, A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rapid eye movement sleep mediates age-related decline in prospective memory consolidation
Scullin, M. K., Gao, C., Fillmore, P., Roberts, R. L., Pruett, N., & Bliwise, D. L. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz055 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
REM-dependent repair of competitive memory suppression
Baran, B., Wilson, J. M., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2242-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Effects of early morning nap sleep on associative memory for neutral and emotional stimuli
Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., & Mecklinger, A. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Self-Reported Sleep in Older African Americans and White Americans
Turner, A. D., Lim, A. S. P., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., Buchman, A. S., & Barnes, L. L. (2016) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.26.4.521 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Episodic Memory Decline in Aging
Duarte, A., & Dulas, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108552684.013 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Maurer, L., Zitting, K., Elliott, K., Czeisler, C. A., Ronda, J. M., & Duffy, J. F. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Impact of sleep loss before learning on cortical dynamics during memory retrieval
Alberca-Reina, E., Cantero, J. L., & Atienza, M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.033 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2007), sleep restriction (Alberca-Reina et al., 2015), morning vs.”
Does Sleep Improve Memory Organization?
Takeuchi, M., Furuta, H., Sumiyoshi, T., Suzuki, M., Ochiai, Y., Hosokawa, M., Matsui, M., & Kurachi, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00065 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleep facilitates consolidation of positive emotional memory in healthy older adults
Gui, W.-J., Wang, P., Lei, X., Lin, T., Horta, M., Liu, X., & Yu, J. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1513038 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Slow-Wave-Sleep Predict Acquisition of Full Cognitive Maps
Lerner, I., & Gluck, M. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00404 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleep in Studio Based Courses: Outcomes for Creativity Task Performance
King, E., Daunis, M., Tami, C., & Scullin, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Interior Design · doi:10.1111/joid.12104 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gender difference in the effect of daytime sleep on declarative memory for pictures
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A role for consolidation in cross-modal category learning
Ashton, J. E., Jefferies, E., & Gaskell, M. G. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Qin, S., Leong, R. L. F., Ong, J. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101734 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Light exposure behaviors predict mood, memory and sleep quality
Siraji, M. A., Spitschan, M., Kalavally, V., & Haque, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39636-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Understanding the Need for Sleep to Improve Cognition
Leong, R. L. F., & Chee, M. W. L. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032620-034127 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Spindle-dependent memory consolidation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis
Kumral, D., Matzerath, A., Leonhart, R., & Schönauer, M. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108661 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sleep’s contribution to memory formation
Lutz, N. D., Harkotte, M., & Jan Born, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sleep Characteristics According to Gender and Age Measured by Wrist Actigraphy
Kováčová, K., & Stebelová, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413213 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbances, Changes in Sleep, and Cognitive Function in Low-Income African Americans
Troxel, W., Haas, A. C., Dubowitz, T., Ghosh‐Dastidar, B., Butters, M. A., Gary‐Webb, T. L., Weinstein, A. M., & Rosso, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215530 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Insupportofourhypothesesand based on prior literature [3, 47, 48], we found evidence that these indicators of sleep fragmentation were significantly associated with cognitive domains primarily assessing attention, executive function, visuospatial ability, and immediate memory.”
van der Linden, M., Olthof, M. R., & Wijnhoven, H. A. H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010131 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hokett, E., Mirjalili, S., & Duarte, A. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSmevik, H., Habli, S., Saksvik, S. B., Kliem, E., Evensmoen, H. R., Conde, V., Petroni, A., Asarnow, R. F., Dennis, E. L., Eikenes, L., et al. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…sleep measures - even within the same dimension - have low-to-modest correlations (Landry et al. 2015; Matthews et al. 2018; Thurman et al. 2018) and appear to be differently associated with cognitive function (Bernstein et al. 2019; McSorley et al. 2019; Hokett et al. 2021; Scarlett et al. 2021).”
BackgroundWeighall, A., & Kellar, I. (2023) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20230110 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Qin, S., Ng, K. K., Soon, C. S., Chua, X. Y., Zhou, J. H., Koh, W., & Chee, M. W. L. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106569 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis found that poorer sleep continuity was associated with worse memory performance in older adults [14].”
Tibon, R., Cam-CAN, & Tsvetanov, K. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.746236 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Interactive Role of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Episodic Memory in Older Adults
Carlson, E. J., Wilckens, K. A., & Wheeler, M. E. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad112 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis by Hokett et al., demonstrated significant relationships between sleep architecture and memory performance when collapsed across various sleep and task measures among both older and younger adults (26).”
InfluentialElectrophysiological Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation in Human Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Denis, D., & Cairney, S. A. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00291-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In humans, a wealth of behavioural evidence has accumulated to suggest that sleep facilitates the consolidation of both declarative (e.g. episodic) and non-declarative memories (e.g. motor skills) [31–35].”
Schneider, A. C., Moon, C., Whitaker, K. M., Zhang, D., Carr, L. J., Bao, W., & Xiao, Q. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13515 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sleep spindles consolidate declarative memory with tags: A meta-analysis of adult data
Chen, P., Hao, C., & Ma, N. (2024) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909241226761 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In line with previous meta-analysis, naps showed a similar consolidation effect to whole-night sleep (Berres & Erdfelder, 2021; Hokett et al., 2021; Kumral et al., 2022).”
Lin, G.-J., Xu, J.-J., Peng, X.-R., & Yu, J. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Skourti, E., Simos, P. G., Zampetakis, A., Koutentaki, E., Zaganas, I. V., Alexopoulou, C., Vgontzas, A. N., & Basta, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1265016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Guo, H.-H., Liang, D.-X., Zhang, Q., Fu, Y., Huang, L.-Y., Sheng, Z.-H., Tan, L., & Wang, Z.-T. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03389-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wilckens, K. A., Habte, R. F., Dong, Y., Stepan, M. E., Dessa, K. M., Whitehead, A. B., Peng, C. W., Fletcher, M. E., & Buysse, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1265006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Paradoxically, long total sleep times are consistently associated with poorer cognition in older adults.”
Villamar-Flores, C. I., Rodríguez‐Violante, M., Abundes‐Corona, A., Alatriste-Booth, V., Valencia‐Flores, M., Rodríguez‐Agudelo, Y., Cervantes‐Arriaga, A., & Solís‐Vivanco, R. (2024) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2024.138006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sleep Differentially and Profoundly Impairs Recall Memory in a Patient with Fornix Damage
Matorina, N., Tseng, J., Ladyka-Wojcik, N., Olsen, R., Mabbott, D., & Barense, M. D. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02038 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis found that SWS positively predicts memory in young adults (Hokett et al., 2021), suggesting that a reduction in SWS may reduce memory consolidation.”
BackgroundWang, W. J., Xie, M., Liu, Z., Chen, H., Wu, X., & Lin, D. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02076-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For the association between sleep and negative affect, sleep serves to consolidate emotionally salient episodic memories (Cabrera et al., 2024; Hokett et al., 2021), and poor sleep quality after daily traditional victimization may diminish the ability of brain to extract negative affect from…”
Arévalo, S., Nguyen‐Rodriguez, S. T., Scott, T. M., Gao, X., Falcón, L. M., & Tucker, K. L. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad144 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hokett, E., Lao, P. J., Avila‐Rieger, J. F., Turney, I. C., Adkins‐Jackson, P. B., Johnson, D. A., Davidson, P., Chen, R., Shechter, A., Osorio, R. S., et al. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2379116 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHokett, E., & Duarte, A. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00281-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationOlivera-López, C., Jiménez‐Genchi, A., Ortega-Robles, D., Valencia‐Flores, M., Cansino, S., & Cruz, J. S. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852924000257 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The influence of encoding strategy on associative memory consolidation across wake and sleepPreprint
Denis, D., Bottary, R. M., Cunningham, T. J., Tcheukado, M.-C., & Payne, J. D. (2023) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053765.123 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Sleep has been suggested to be an optimal time for memory consolidation to occur, with a wealth of evidence supporting the view that memory is superior after a night of sleep compared with an equivalent period of time spent awake (Berres and Erdfelder 2021; Hokett et al. 2021).”
BackgroundTran, T., Madore, K. P., Tobin, K. E., Block, S. H., Puliyadi, V., Hsu, S., Preston, A. R., Bakker, A., & Wagner, A. D. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01292-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…there is considerable variability in associative memory performance across older adults, with multiple factors likely driving these between-person differences in how well older adults remember (Buckner, 2004; Hokett et al., 2021; Kidwai et al., 2024; Sadeh et al., 2020; Trelle et al., 2021).”
Moore, D. L., Nolte, R., Huang, Y., Maharana, S., Nataraj, P., Ouyang, B., & Mahdavinia, M. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15060249 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Specifically, WASO showed a stronger correlation with memory performance in older adults compared to other sleep parameters such as total sleep time, time spent in slow-wave sleep, and time spent in REM sleep [17].”
Fausto, B. A., Paruzel, V., Yu, K., Grass, D., Gills, J. L., & Duberstein, P. R. (2025) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2025.100435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“30 Consistent with the fi nding of a more robust social environment and less WASO, previous literature found that neighborhood social characteristics in fl uence sleep macrostructure.”
No Benefit in Memory Performance after Nocturnal Memory Reactivation Coupled with Theta-tACS
Baselgia, S., Kasten, F. H., Herrmann, C. S., Rasch, B., & Paßmann, S. (2024) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6020015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, these differences in sleep did not influence memory performance in the expected direction: better sleep quality should result in better memory consolidation [43], independently of the stimulations, which was not observed in our data.”
ResultFang, L., Wang, P., Xie, T., Ding, S., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, A., Zhu, P., & Zhu, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1574864 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Demichelis, O. P., Grainger, S. A., McKay, K. T., Burr, L. D., Kim, J., & Henry, J. D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28183-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sleep and Autobiographical Memory
Matorina, N., & Barense, M. D. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00305-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tassone, L. M., Moyano, M. D., Laíño, F., Brusco, L. I., Ramele, R., & Forcato, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It further increases errors of omission (lapses) and commission (wrong responses), and impairs memory acquisition (Dinges et al., 1997; Belenky et al., 2003; Van Dongen et al., 2003; Goel et al., 2009; Yeh et al., 2018, 2021; Hokett et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEffects of post-learning nap in the recognition memory for faces in habitual nappers
Wu, J., Kwok, S. C., Wang, H., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paggetti, A., Lazzaro, G., Bacaro, V., Vanacore, N., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106817 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Qin, S., Ong, J. L., Wong, K. F., Liang, T., Ng, K. K., Koh, W., Zhou, J. H., & Chee, M. W. L. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf329 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hokett, E., Lao, P. J., Huber, B. D., Turney, I. C., Chen, R., Kraal, A. Z., Brickman, A. M., Palta, P., & Manly, J. J. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.12.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For descriptive statistics, we used SPSS 27 and Jamovi 2, and for imputing missing data (explained below) and regression analyses, we used R 4.1.2.”
InfluentialSelf-citationMeal-specific dietary patterns relate to memory functioning
Kossowska-Wywiał, M., Kublanova, O., Zając, A., Orłowski, J., Front, G., Kulisz, P., Maciejewski, P., Bylina, W., & Brzezicka, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1760033 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sarsembayeva, D., Schreuder, M. J., Huisman, M. A., Kok, A. A. L., Wagner, M., Capuano, A. W., & Hartman, C. A. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…may have a different relationship with sleep behaviour (e.g., information processing speed (Zaheed et al. 2023; Cox et al. 2019; Jaarsma et al. 2024), memory (Klaming et al. 2017; Beydoun et al. 2021; Lai et al. 2022; Zaheed et al. 2023; Cox et al. 2019; Hokett et al. 2021; Owusu et al. 2023)).”
Smevik, H., Habli, S., Saksvik, S. B., Kliem, E., Evensmoen, H. R., Conde, V., Petroni, A., Asarnow, R. F., Dennis, E. L., Eikenes, L., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.512671
Encoding strategy and sleep interact to facilitate associative memory consolidationPreprint
Denis, D., Bottary, R. M., Cunningham, T. J., Tcheukado, M.-C., & Payne, J. D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r79pm
Salman, M., Pua, K. C., & Scullin, M. K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00022-x
Kim, H., Saha, S., Wachnin, A. J., Ban, S., Lee, Y. J., Kwon, Y., Lee, J.-H., Chhabra, I., Ram, S., Nyan, C., et al. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.80286
Self-citationLotlikar, M. S., Ayotte, B., Choi, A., Seo, F., Robertson, E. M., Maso, F. D., & Roig, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2528246123
Butterworth, J. W., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Kelley, N. J. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2550615
“Sleep plays a key role in consolidating autobiographical memory (Berres & Erdfelder, 2021; Hokett et al., 2021), helping to preserve a coherent self-narrative that links past experiences to present identity.”
Sabaghypour, S., Navi, F. F. T., & Batterink, L. J. (2025) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584251403967
“It is well established that sleep quality is linked to memory consolidation, with poor, disrupted, or fragmented sleep negatively affecting the consolidation of memories (e.g., Djonlagic et al. 2012; Hokett et al. 2021; Prince and Abel 2013; Tempesta et al. 2015).”
Organophosphate esters exposure associated with increased risk of sleep problems
Shan, T., Chen, T., Wang, X., Zhang, G., Ma, T., Chen, L., Nie, J., & Niu, P. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment · doi:10.20517/jeea.2025.67
Zhao, Z., & Wang, X. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1773431
“Significant individual differences exist in the relationship between episodic memory performance and sleep duration; specifically, poorer memory performance in older adults is strongly associated with shorter sleep duration (Hokett et al., 2021).”
Kim, H., Saha, S., Wachnin, A. J., Ban, S., Lee, Y., Kwon, Y., Lee, J., Chhabra, I., Ram, S., Nyan, C., et al. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/80286
“These age-associated reductions are concomitant with age-related reductions in sleep-dependent consolidation, indicated by memory retention, with individual differences in the amount of SWS, as well as the density of spindles, predicting those in memory performance across the adult lifespan [36].”
Self-citationNapias, A. (2024) · doi:10.70675/db16db87z572bz4b7dz8db5zf45d25652f31
Seraji, M., Mirjalili, S., Nyan, C., Duarte, A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.17.733023
“…age-related pattern, a direct within-participant comparison of verbal and pictorial tasks would be needed to determine whether stimulus format, task demands, or differences in participant sleep and memory performance explain the discrepancy (Hokett et al., 2021, 2022; Hokett & Duarte, 2019).”
InfluentialSelf-citationNeural mechanisms and architecture of sleep
Salim, M., Qatanany, B., Sharafkhaneh, A., Rao, K. S. J., & Nami, M. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.07.006
Lifestyle correlates of verbal memory in community-dwelling older adults
Ding, Z., & Chan, A. S.-Y. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02454-x
Marent, P.-J., Duncan, M. J., Cardon, G., Albouy, G., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02518-y
Wang, H., Li, Y., Chandrashekhar, R., Shin, Y. C., Arias, J., Tietje, I. F., Shah, S., Gupta, I., Stefaniak, E., Patel, S. D., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11036810/v1
Hokett, E., Campbell, J., Arunmozhi, A., & Duarte, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2026.1968296
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hokett, E., Arunmozhi, A., Campbell, J., Verhaeghen, P., & Duarte, A.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hokett, Emily
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 675-688
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8330880
- OpenAlex
- W3161970450
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel National Road Safety Authority
- National Science Foundation (1850802)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (5T32AG000175)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep quality, episodic memory, aging, individual differences, slow-wave sleep, wake after sleep onset, sleep duration, polysomnography, actigraphy, verbal memory, pictorial memory, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Cognition, Humans, Individuality, Sleep, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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