Interindividual sleep spindle differences and their relation to learning-related enhancements
Open accessAbstract
We reported earlier that overnight change in explicit memory is positively related to the change in sleep spindle activity (between a control and a learning night). However, it remained unclear whether this effect was restricted to good memory performers and whether a general association of sleep spindles and a "sleep-related learning trait" may not account for this effect. Here we now present a secondary and more detailed analysis of our randomized multicenter study. Subjects were studied over a 4-week study period (including actigraphy and daily sleep diaries), including three overnight stays in the sleep laboratory. In the course of the study, subjects completed test-batteries of memory (Wechsler-Memory-Scale-revised; WMS) and other cognitive abilities (Raven's Advanced-Progressive-Matrices; APM) and were asked to study 160 word pairs in the evening before being tested by cued-recall. Afterwards, subjects went to bed in the laboratory with full polysomnographic montages. Additionally, subjects participated on another occasion in a non-learning control (perceptual priming) task that was counterbalanced either before or after the learning condition. Slow as well as fast spindle activities were analyzed at frontopolar and central topographies. Although it was found that spindle activity is generally (in learning as well as control nights) elevated in highly gifted subjects, spindle analyses revealed that spindle increase (control to learning night) is specifically related to explicit memory improvement overnight, independent of individual learning traits. Together these findings suggest that the spindle increase after learning is related to elaborate encoding before sleep, whereas an individual's general learning ability is well reflected in interindividual (and trait-like) differences of absolute sleep spindle activity.
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In children and adults, spindle number and density strongly correlate with IQ scores and overnight retention of memories.
“In children and adults, spindle number and density strongly correlate with IQ scores (106, 395, 439, 847, 1038, 1039) as well as overnight retention of memories (213, 1057, 1230).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1039]
The Results (Spindle features and explicit memory change) report that increases in spindle activity correlated with overnight memory improvement and that absolute spindle activity was related to cognitive test scores. But the study involved adults aged 20–30, not children, and its key correlations concern spindle activity—not spindle number or density. The Results also state that absolute spindle activity was not significantly related to overnight improvement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Schabus, M., Hoedlmoser, K., Pecherstorfer, T., Anderer, P., Gruber, G., Parapatics, S., Sauter, C., Kloesch, G., Klimesch, W., Saletu, B., & Zeitlhofer, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Schabus, Manuel
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 1191
- Pages
- 127-135
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2855382
- OpenAlex
- W2013179939
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Austrian Science Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, individual differences, declarative memory, learning ability, perceptual priming, giftedness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association Learning, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Mental Recall, Reference Values, Sleep, Verbal Learning, Polysomnography
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