A brief nap is beneficial for human route-learning: The role of navigation experience and EEG spectral power.
Open accessAbstract
Here, we examined the effect of a daytime nap on changes in virtual maze performance across a single day. Participants either took a short nap or remained awake following training on a virtual maze task. Post-training sleep provided a clear performance benefit at later retest, but only for those participants with prior experience navigating in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. Performance improvements in experienced players were correlated with delta-rich stage 2 sleep. Complementing observations that learning-related brain activity is reiterated during post-navigation NREM sleep in rodents, the present data demonstrate that NREM sleep confers a performance advantage for spatial memory in humans.
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Prior knowledge enhances sleep-associated consolidation, such that schema-conformant memories are strengthened during sleep to a greater extent than non-conformant memories.
“Interestingly, prior knowledge also enhances sleep-associated consolidation, such that schema-conformant memories are strengthened during sleep to a greater extent than non-conformant memories [32–34].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
The paper’s account of maze-performance results (indexed under Abstract; page not provided) reports a sleep benefit for experienced game players but not novices, supporting a limited link between prior experience and sleep-associated retention. It does not compare schema-conformant with non-conformant memories: the comparison is between participants with different game experience, and the authors describe the nap chiefly as stabilizing route memory. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious studies reporting enhanced overnight memory gains for schema-conformant information have used very different memory paradigms to the current study, including melodic or spatial navigation tasks.
“Along these lines, it is worth noting that previous studies reporting enhanced overnight memory gains for schema-conformant information have used very different memory paradigms to the current study, which include melodic [32] or spatial navigation tasks [33].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
The paper describes a spatial-navigation task and reports that sleep benefited route memory in participants experienced with 3D navigation (Abstract; page not provided). But its experiment tested a daytime nap, not overnight gains, and it did not establish that the learned information was schema-conformant. The sleep benefit was generally stabilization rather than improvement, except when the nap was rich in delta activity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Irfan, B., Attarian, H. P., Irfan, M., Sankari, A., Kirschner, D. E., & Khan, M. S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102138 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sleep and retrieval practice both strengthen and distort story recollection
Denis, D., DiPietro, C., Spreng, R. N., Schacter, D. L., Stickgold, R., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae083 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights
Durrant, S. J., & Johnson, J. M. (2021) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-021-00202-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Makepeace, R., & Craig, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308373 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A study on episodic memory reconsolidation that tells us more about consolidationPreprint
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Hierarchical Mazes in Psychological Research
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Sleep Impact on Perception, Memory, and Emotion in Adults and the Effects of Early-Life Experience
Lewin, M. P., Sullivan, R. M., & Wilson, D. A. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00039-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of background input on memory consolidation
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Memory, Sleep, and Dreaming: Experiencing
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Self-citationThe influence of prior knowledge on memory consolidation
Reid, A. M. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Advantage conferred by overnight sleep on schema-related memory may last only a day
Golkashani, H. A., Ghorbani, S., Leong, R. L. F., Ong, J. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2023) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Cortical State on Neural Coding and Behavior
Beaman, C. B. (2016) · Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)
Meraz‐Medina, T., HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, O. E., García-Ortiz, L., & Villalvazo, A. C. (2022) · ECORFAN eBooks · doi:10.35429/h.2022.5.1.32.43
CIERMMI Women in Science T-XVIII Health Sciences
JESÚS, Á. M.-D., Morales-Hernández, M., RAMÍREZ-BALTAZAR, J. C., & CRUZ-CARPIO, L. E. (2022) · ECORFAN eBooks · doi:10.35429/h.2022.5.1.1.102
Sleep and spatial memory: Mechanisms, relationships, applications, and potential
Fan, Y. (2024) · Theoretical and Natural Science · doi:10.54254/2753-8818/33/20240841
Sleep supports the consolidation of newly learned statistical concepts
Shaw, J. J., & Bisson, M. (2025) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218251317885
Theories of Hippocampal Function
McKenzie, S., Gobbo, F., & Morris, R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190065324.003.0014
Festschrift in honor of Dr. Robert Stickgold, pioneer in sleep, memory, and dream research
Cunningham, T. J., Wamsley, E. J., & Payne, J. (2026) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpag041
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Payne, J. D., & Stickgold, R.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2010-06-25
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 332-336
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC2904102
- OpenAlex
- W2113014142
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIH T32)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL07901-10, T32HL007901)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH048832)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Keywords
- daytime napping, route learning, spatial memory, NREM sleep, stage 2 sleep, delta power, sleep-dependent memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Sleep Stages, Space Perception, Spatial Behavior, Spectrum Analysis, User-Computer Interface, Maze Learning, Young Adult
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