Sleep stage II contributes to the consolidation of declarative memories
Abstract
Various studies suggest that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, especially slow-wave sleep (SWS), is vital to the consolidation of declarative memories. However, sleep stage 2 (S2), which is the other NREM sleep stage besides SWS, has gained only little attention. The current study investigated whether S2 during an afternoon nap contributes to the consolidation of declarative memories. Participants learned associations between faces and cities prior to a brief nap. A cued recall test was administered before and following the nap. Spindle, delta and slow oscillation activity was recorded during S2 in the nap following learning and in a control nap. Increases in spindle activity, delta activity, and slow oscillation activity in S2 in the nap following learning compared to the control nap were associated with enhanced retention of face-city associations. Furthermore, spindles tended to occur more frequently during up-states than down-states within slow oscillations during S2 following learning versus S2 of the control nap. These findings suggest that spindles, delta waves, and slow oscillations might promote memory consolidation not only during SWS, as shown earlier, but also during S2.
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Sleep stage 2 spindle activity and spindle counts similarly correlate with overnight retention of verbal and visuospatial memories.
“However, sleep stage 2 spindle activity and spindle counts were found to similarly correlate with the overnight retention of verbal and visuospatial memories, suggesting that spindles and stage 2 sleep are also involved in declarative memory formation (213,214,1016).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1016]
Indicators of sleep spindle expression consistently correlated with the amount of overnight retention of declarative memories.
“Furthermore, indicators of sleep spindle expression consistently correlated with the amount of overnight retention of declarative memories (86,213,214,235,446,562,822,1016,1024,1037,1044,1057).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1016]
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Je Voudrais Parler Français: Brain Activity During Sleep Supports Second Language Learning
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Rapid Restoration: How 15–30 Minute Naps Influence Attention, Memory, and Executive Function
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- Authors
- Ruch, S., Markes, O., Duss, S. B., Oppliger, D., Reber, T. P., Koenig, T., Mathis, J., Roth, C., & Henke, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Henke, Katharina
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2389-2396
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020802160
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- stage 2 sleep, NREM sleep, memory consolidation, declarative memory, slow-wave sleep, spindle, delta oscillations, slow oscillations, cued recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association, Delta Rhythm, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, Polysomnography, Young Adult
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