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Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance.
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Self-criticism is strongly correlated with a range of psychopathologies, such as depression, eating disorders and anxiety. In contrast, self-reassurance is inversely associated with such psychopathologies. Despite the importance of self-judgements and evaluations, little is known about the neurophysiology of these internal processes. The current study therefore used a novel fMRI task to investigate the neuronal correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. Participants were presented statements describing two types of scenario, with the instruction to either imagine being self-critical or self-reassuring in that situation. One scenario type focused on a personal setback, mistake or failure, which would elicit negative emotions, whilst the second was of a matched neutral event. Self-criticism was associated with activity in lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions and dorsal anterior cingulate (dAC), therefore linking self-critical thinking to error processing and resolution, and also behavioural inhibition. Self-reassurance was associated with left temporal pole and insula activation, suggesting that efforts to be self-reassuring engage similar regions to expressing compassion and empathy towards others. Additionally, we found a dorsal/ventral PFC divide between an individual's tendency to be self-critical or self-reassuring. Using multiple regression analyses, dorsolateral PFC activity was positively correlated with high levels of self-criticism (assessed via self-report measure), suggesting greater error processing and behavioural inhibition in such individuals. Ventrolateral PFC activity was positively correlated with high self-reassurance. Our findings may have implications for the neural basis of a range of mood disorders that are characterised by a preoccupation with personal mistakes and failures, and a self-critical response to such events.
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“the activation of ACC and insula was detected by neuroimaging studies in several self-related processing, such as self-criticism and self-reassurance (Longe et al., 2010).”
From Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity With Decreased Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of the Salience Network in Mindfulness Novices (2022) · cites this paper as Longe et al., 2010
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“Furthermore, through voluntary cultivation of positive emotional states [59], people suffering from MDD may learn to foster self-compassion.”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
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“There is also evidence that the physiological processes underpinning selfcriticism and shame, compared to self-reassuring and caring, are associated with different brain systems [80].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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“It also highlights again that positive and negative processing represent different processes [62, 80, 105, 117].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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“This supports the growing awareness that positive ways of relating to oneself in contrast to threat or critical focused ways have very different impacts on well-being and mental health [47, 119], physiology [105] and neurophysiology [80].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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“Given that the neurophysiology of self-criticism and selfcompassion are quite different and link to depression in very different ways [80, 105]”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G.
- Affiliations
- Aston University (GB)
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Longe, Olivia
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1849-1856
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148636054
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lord Dowding Fund
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- self-criticism, self-reassurance, neural correlates, lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, error processing, behavioral inhibition, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, self-judgment, mood disorders, depression, anxiety, eating disorders
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxygen, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
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