The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 51 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Insufficient sleep and poor quality sleep are pervasive during adolescence and relate to impairments in cognitive control and increased risk taking. However, the neurobiology underlying the association between sleep and adolescent behavior remains elusive. In the current study, we examine how poor sleep quality relates to cognitive control and reward related brain function during risk taking. Forty-six adolescents participated in a functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) scan during which they completed a cognitive control and risk taking task. Behaviorally, adolescents who reported poorer sleep also exhibited greater risk-taking. This association was paralleled by less recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during cognitive control, greater insula activation during reward processing, and reduced functional coupling between the DLPFC and affective regions including the insula and ventral striatum during reward processing. Collectively, these results suggest that poor sleep may exaggerate the normative imbalance between affective and cognitive control systems, leading to greater risk-taking in adolescents.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 46 adolescents, poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with greater self-reported and behavioral risk taking, less right DLPFC recruitment during cognitive control, greater left insula activation during reward processing, and reduced DLPFC–affective functional coupling. The authors interpret this as poor sleep exaggerating the normative affective–cognitive control imbalance in adolescence.
Key findings
- Poorer sleep quality was associated with greater risk-taking likelihood (β=.40, p<.01), greater perceived positive consequences of risk taking (β=.44, p<.005), and more adjusted pumps on the BART (β=.40, p<.01).
- Poorer sleep quality correlated with decreased right DLPFC activation during No-go>Go trials; this reduced DLPFC response was associated with more BART pumps (β=.58, p<.001), more decision-making complacency (β=−.50, p<.001), and less decision-making vigilance (β=.43, p<.005).
- Poorer sleep quality was associated with increased left insula activation during cash-out trials as rewards increased; insula activation related to more BART pumps (β=.41, p<.005), greater risk-taking likelihood (β=.37, p<.05), and greater positive consequences for risk taking (β=.32, p<.05).
- Poor sleep was associated with reduced functional coupling between DLPFC and right insula (Z=3.78, p<.05) and ventral striatum (Z=4.21, p<.05) during cash-outs; reduced DLPFC activation accounted for 53.86% of the effect of poor sleep on insula activation.
Methods
- Forty-six adolescents aged 14–16 years (Mage=15.23; 19 males, 27 females) completed fMRI during a Go–No-Go cognitive control task and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART); participants were not taking medications and did not report mood or sleep disorders.
- Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; mean=5.3, range=2–16); risk perceptions and decision making were measured with modified CARE and Flinders Adolescent Decision Making Questionnaire.
- Analyses used FSL whole-brain regression with sleep quality as a regressor, psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses for functional coupling, and mediation analyses; thresholding used Z>2.3 and p<.05 familywise error corrected.
Limitations
- The paper states it cannot delineate the direction of effects: poor sleep may increase risk-related brain function, or adolescents already oriented toward rewards may obtain poorer sleep.
- The paper states it cannot be certain findings are specific to adolescence or whether similar effects occur at other developmental periods; future experimental and longitudinal work is needed.
- Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and correlational, sleep quality is subjective, and the sample is a modest-sized healthy non-clinical group, so causal and clinical generalizations are limited.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality reported more decision making complacency (β=.54, p<.001) and lower decision making self-esteem (β=−.30, p<.05).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality reported more decision making complacency (β=.54, p<.001) and lower decision making self-esteem (β=−.30, p<.05).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents who reported greater sleep problems reported a greater likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors (β=.40, p<.01) and a greater perception of positive consequences for engaging in risk taking behaviors (β= .44, p<.005).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association was paralleled by less recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during cognitive control, greater insula activation during reward processing, and reduced functional coupling between the DLPFC and affective regions including the insula and ventral striatum during reward processing.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviorally, adolescents who reported poorer sleep also exhibited greater risk-taking.”
- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
“Adolescents who reported greater sleep problems reported a greater likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors (β=.40, p<.01) and a greater perception of positive consequences for engaging in risk taking behaviors (β= .44, p<.005).”
- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
“Adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality had greater mean adjusted pumps (β=.40, p<.01).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents who reported greater sleep problems reported a greater likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors (β=.40, p<.01) and a greater perception of positive consequences for engaging in risk taking behaviors (β= .44, p<.005).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality had greater mean adjusted pumps (β=.40, p<.01).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association was paralleled by less recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during cognitive control, greater insula activation during reward processing, and reduced functional coupling between the DLPFC and affective regions including the insula and ventral striatum during reward processing.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poorer sleep quality was marginally associated with slower reaction time on go trials (β=.26, p=.09).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > Behavioral results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association was paralleled by less recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during cognitive control, greater insula activation during reward processing, and reduced functional coupling between the DLPFC and affective regions including the insula and ventral striatum during reward processing.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No brain regions were significantly activated to cash outs>baseline or explosions>baseline.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > fMRI results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, the confidence interval of the indirect effect does not include zero, consistent with a statistically significant mediation.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Results > fMRI results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The mediation analysis assumes no unmeasured confounding and correct temporal ordering of sleep quality, DLPFC activation, and insula activation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although neuroimaging research in adults has shown that sleep deprivation impacts brain function related to reward processing, risk-taking, and cognition (Chee et al., 2011; Gujar et al., 2011; Libedinsky et al., 2011; Venkatraman et al., 2011), only a few developmental studies have examined how sleep influences reward-related brain function in adolescents (Hasler et al., 2012; Holm et al., 2009)”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dual system theories of adolescent neurodevelopment posit that risk taking increases during adolescence due to a competition between two neural systems — the affective system, which is involved in reward sensitivity, and the cognitive control system, which is involved in cognitive regulation (Somerville et al., 2010; Steinberg, 2010).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poor sleep quality is related to a host of cognitive and emotional deficits, including a bias towards high risk behaviors, diminished attentional and behavioral control, and poor emotion regulation (Dahl, 1996; Harrison and Horne, 2000), making poor sleep a significant public health and developmental concern that may impact high risk behaviors during adolescence.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of risky behavior, variability in weekend–weeknight sleep time and insufficient sleep (i.e., <8 h on school nights) are associated with tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, unsafe sex, poorer safety behaviors, and aggressive behaviors (McKnight-Eily et al., 2011; O'Brien and Mindell, 2005).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, functional connectivity analyses in adults reveal that poor sleep not only impairs brain function in affective and cognitive control regions but also disrupts cross-talk between these neural networks (Gujar et al., 2011; Venkatraman et al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2007).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, sleep-deprived adolescents and adolescents who report high levels of sleepiness show detriments in higher-level executive functioning, decreased cognitive modulation of drives, impulses, and emotions, and less effortful control of attention (Anderson et al., 2008; Beebe et al., 2008; Dahl, 1996).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas reward sensitivity shows curvilinear developmental patterns, peaking in mid adolescence, impulse control gradually increases throughout adolescence, showing linear improvements into adulthood (Bunge et al., 2002; Galván et al., 2006; Geier et al., 2010).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although neuroimaging research in adults has shown that sleep deprivation impacts brain function related to reward processing, risk-taking, and cognition (Chee et al., 2011; Gujar et al., 2011; Libedinsky et al., 2011; Venkatraman et al., 2011), only a few developmental studies have examined how sleep influences reward-related brain function in adolescents (Hasler et al., 2012; Holm et al., 2009)”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Introduction
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No participants exceeded >2 mm in movement.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Methods > fMRI data acquisition and analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were not currently taking any medications and did not report being diagnosed with any mood or sleep disorder.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Methods > Participants
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thresholded Z statistic images were prepared to show clusters determined by a corrected, cluster-forming threshold of Z>2.3 and an extent threshold of p<.05 familywise error corrected using the theory of Gaussian random fields (Poline et al., 1997).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Methods > fMRI data acquisition and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poline et al., 1997 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Outliers were de-weighted in the multi-subject statistics using mixture modeling (Woolrich, 2008).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Methods > fMRI data acquisition and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woolrich, 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prior research has used the BART in adults to examine risk taking and sleep and has found an association between sleep deprivation and risk taking on the task (Killgore et al., 2011).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Methods > fMRI paradigms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killgore et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior work has found that adults recruit the lateral PFC to a greater extent than adolescents during risk taking (Chein et al., 2011; Eshel et al., 2007), and children show decreased activation in the lateral PFC compared to adults when matched on performance during a cognitive control task (Bunge et al., 2002).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Insufficient sleep and poor quality sleep are pervasive during adolescence (Carskadon, 2011; Dahl and Lewin, 2002) and relate to impairments in cognitive regulation and increases in health compromising behaviors such as substance use (Hasler et al., 2012; Kenney et al., 2012; McKnight-Eily et al., 2011; O'Brien and Mindell, 2005).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These behavioral findings suggest that adolescents who obtain poorer quality sleep are more oriented towards rewards, which may account for their riskier behavior.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we did not find differences in false alarm rates as a function of sleep, this may be due to adolescents with poorer sleep taking more time on go trials and thus having to inhibit less on the no-go trials.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, adolescents with poorer sleep quality may have both a greater orientation towards risk and compromised decision making abilities.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During risk taking, adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality showed greater activation in the insula during cash out trials as the reward increased, findings that are consistent with research on sleep deprived adults who show hyperactivation in the insula when processing positive stimuli (Gujar et al., 2011).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gujar et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Prior work has found that adults recruit the lateral PFC to a greater extent than adolescents during risk taking (Chein et al., 2011; Eshel et al., 2007), and children show decreased activation in the lateral PFC compared to adults when matched on performance during a cognitive control task (Bunge et al., 2002).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bunge et al., 2002 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These associations suggest that adolescents with poorer sleep may be more apathetic, less confident, and take less care during decision making thus demonstrating lower motivation to engage in the cognitive control task.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, the insula is a brain region involved in tracking risk in the environment (Singer et al., 2009) and has shown heightened activation among adults during the BART (Schonberg et al., 2012).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schonberg et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The lateral PFC is involved in cognitive control, goal directed behavior, and impulse control, and is one of the last brain regions to develop both structurally and functionally (Gogtay et al., 2004).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gogtay et al., 2004 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, researchers have recently suggested that rather than being immature during adolescence, cognitive control capacities may be highly flexible and depend on the social and motivational context (Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crone and Dahl, 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The insula also plays a role in reactivity to and encoding of positive stimuli, supporting motivated behaviors (Camara et al., 2008; Gujar et al., 2011).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot be certain that our findings are specific to adolescence, or whether similar effects would be found at other developmental periods.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is some initial evidence that sleep and reward-related brain function differ in early versus late pubertal adolescents (Hasler et al., 2012).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hasler et al., 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that sleep is associated with greater arousal to rewards and a potential lack of motivation to engage in cognitive control.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the insula integrates emotional information to and from limbic and cortical areas and is involved in the representation of interoceptive responses to emotionally salient and rewarding stimuli, such as drug craving, urgency, and impulsivity (Bonson et al., 2002; Naqvi and Bechara, 2009; Villafuerte et al., 2011).”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings underscore how important sleep is during adolescence, and that even relatively small, normative levels of poor sleep can disrupt brain function and make adolescents even more vulnerable to suboptimal decision making.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interaction between poor sleep, heightened arousal, and dampened cognitive control may create a negative spiral of events whereby sleep increases arousal and decreases regulation which then pushes adolescents towards more arousing stimuli and thereby are less likely to obtain sleep at night.”
§ The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neurobiology underlying the association between sleep and adolescent behavior remains elusive.
“However, the neurobiology underlying the association between sleep and adolescent behavior remains elusive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Go–No-Go task targets primarily cognitive control-related brain function.
“We focused the PPI analyses on the BART task, given that both affective and cognitive control regions are involved during the task (Schonberg et al., 2012), whereas the GNG task targets primarily cognitive control-related brain function.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of 46 adolescents is representative of the broader adolescent population.
“Participants included forty-six adolescents from a larger sample of adolescents who participated in an fMRI scan during which they completed a risk taking task and a cognitive control task.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The BART task models unpredictable rewards and punishments that characterize real-world risky behaviors.
“This pattern models the unpredictable rewards and punishments that characterize real-world risky behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mediation analysis assumes no unmeasured confounding and correct temporal ordering of sleep quality, DLPFC activation, and insula activation.
“Mediation analyses were conducted in SPSS by regressing sleep quality on percent BOLD signal change in the insula to cash outs, and entering percent BOLD signal change in the DLPFC during No-go>Go trials as the mediator.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Sleep deprivation also disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“Typically-developing adolescents with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality exhibit lower caudate response to reward anticipation (85), greater insula response to risk-taking, and lower functional connectivity between DLPFC and both insula and VS during risk taking (89)”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“As youth transition to adolescence, their sleep patterns also undergo important changes that may exacerbate this cognitiveaffective imbalance and contribute to risky behavior (Telzer et al. 2013).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Telzer et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“A study of healthy adolescents (14–16 years old) found that lower sleep quality was associated with reduced dorsolateral PFC activation on a Go/No Go task, suggesting impaired cognitive control.”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Telzer, Fuligni, Lieberman, & Galván, 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(45) = 7.67reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(45)=7.67, p < .001”
- Consistentt(45) = 3.96reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(45)=3.96, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 3.78reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001
“Z=3.78, p < .05”
- Consistentz = 4.21reported p < .05 · recomputed p < .001
“Z=4.21, p < .05”
- Consistentz = 2.89reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .004
“Z=2.89, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Explosion point assigned two different distributions
MajorThe number of pumps before explosion and the explosion point describe the same threshold, but one is said to follow a Poisson distribution and the other a uniform distribution.
“The number of pumps before explosion was varied probabilistically according to a Poisson distribution.”
“The explosion point of each balloon was drawn from a uniform distribution from 1 to 12 pumps.”
PPI physiological regressor does not match the stated seed
MinorThe PPI description defines the seed as a DLPFC region and identifies its time course as a design-matrix regressor, but then says the physiological regressor is the time series of the ventral striatum or insula.
“The seed region for the PPI analysis was defined as the area in the DLPFC that correlated with sleep quality during the GNG task.”
“The physiological regressor comprised the time-series for the ventral striatum or insula.”
Citations
Cites
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“The lateral PFC is involved in cognitive control, goal directed behavior, and impulse control, and is one of the last brain regions to develop both structurally and functionally (Gogtay et al., 2004).”
Psychophysiological and Modulatory Interactions in Neuroimaging
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Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The balloon analogue risk task (BART)
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Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00583-9 · Cited by 1,291 · cited 2×
“Whereas reward sensitivity shows curvilinear developmental patterns, peaking in mid adolescence , impulse control gradually increases throughout adolescence, showing linear improvements into adulthood (Bunge et al., 2002; Galván et al., 2006; Geier et al., 2010).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Telzer, E. H., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., & Galván, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Telzer, Eva H.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 275-283
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3865864
- OpenAlex
- W2139046563
- Semantic Scholar
- f84711d4dd99d3b7453519b8b150cf070d11b4d0
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NICHD (R01HD057164-S, R01HD057164)
- UCLA Center for Culture, Brain and Development Research Grant
- NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant
- SRCD Dissertation Fund Award
- APF and COGDOP Graduate Research Grant
- University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States Dissertation Research Grant
- National Research Service Award Graduate Fellowship
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep quality, insufficient sleep, adolescence, risk-taking, cognitive control, reward processing, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, ventral striatum, functional connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reward, Risk-Taking, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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