Trajectories of cortical thickness maturation in normal brain development — The importance of quality control procedures
Open accessAbstract
Several reports have described cortical thickness (CTh) developmental trajectories, with conflicting results. Some studies have reported inverted-U shape curves with peaks of CTh in late childhood to adolescence, while others suggested predominant monotonic decline after age 6. In this study, we reviewed CTh developmental trajectories in the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development, and in a second step, evaluated the impact of post-processing quality control (QC) procedures on identified trajectories. The quality-controlled sample included 384 individual subjects with repeated scanning (1-3 per subject, total scans n=753) from 4.9 to 22.3years of age. The best-fit model (cubic, quadratic, or first-order linear) was identified at each vertex using mixed-effects models. The majority of brain regions showed linear monotonic decline of CTh. There were few areas of cubic trajectories, mostly in bilateral temporo-parietal areas and the right prefrontal cortex, in which CTh peaks were at, or prior to, age 8. When controlling for total brain volume, CTh trajectories were even more uniformly linear. The only sex difference was faster thinning of occipital areas in boys compared to girls. The best-fit model for whole brain mean thickness was a monotonic decline of 0.027mm per year. QC procedures had a significant impact on identified trajectories, with a clear shift toward more complex trajectories (i.e., quadratic or cubic) when including all scans without QC (n=954). Trajectories were almost exclusively linear when using only scans that passed the most stringent QC (n=598). The impact of QC probably relates to decreasing the inclusion of scans with CTh underestimation secondary to movement artifacts, which are more common in younger subjects. In summary, our results suggest that CTh follows a simple linear decline in most cortical areas by age 5, and all areas by age 8. This study further supports the crucial importance of implementing post-processing QC in CTh studies of development, aging, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Motion in the scanner can significantly influence measures of cortical thickness and surface area, DTI parameters, and resting-state networks.
“It is increasingly recognized that motion in the scanner can significantly influence measures of cortical thickness and surface area27, 218, as well as DTI parameters (Box 2)219 and resting-state networks (Box 3)220,219.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
Motion tends to reduce estimates of grey-matter volume and cortical thickness and can influence observed trajectories of cortical thickness maturation.
“Motion tends to reduce estimates of grey-matter volume and cortical thickness221 and can influence observed trajectories of cortical thickness maturation as well27.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
The postnatal sex difference in brain volume is probably driven by differences in surface area expansion, because global and regional cortical thickness trajectories are highly similar in males and females.
“These differences are probably driven by differences in surface area expansion, as the maturational trajectories of global and regional cortical thickness are highly similar in males and females4, 20, 27.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Ducharme, S., Albaugh, M. D., Nguyen, T.-V., Hudziak, J. J., Mateos-Pérez, J. M., Labbe, A., Evans, A. C., & Karama, S.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- University of Vermont (US)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Ducharme, Simon
- Karama, Sherif
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 125
- Pages
- 267-279
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4691414
- OpenAlex
- W1755973449
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 20.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Fondation Brain Canada
- Molson Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (-2320, -2319, N01-HD02-3343, N01-NS-9-2314, N01-MH9-0002)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- cortical thickness, brain development, developmental trajectories, cortical thinning, quality control, motion artifacts, sex differences, prefrontal cortex, occipital cortex, temporoparietal cortex, total brain volume
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Quality Control, Sex Characteristics, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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