Neuroanatomical correlates of perceived stress controllability in adolescents and emerging adults
Open accessAbstract
Stressful life events predict changes in brain structure and increases in psychopathology, but not everyone is equally affected by life stress. The learned helplessness theory posits that perceiving life stressors as uncontrollable leads to depression. Evidence supports this theory for youth, but the impact of perceived control diverges based on stressor type: perceived lack of control over dependent (self-generated) stressors is associated with greater depression symptoms when controlling for the frequency of stress exposure, but perceived control over independent (non-self-generated) stressors is not. However, it is unknown how perceived control over these stressor types is associated with brain structure. We tested whether perceived lack of control over dependent and independent life stressors, controlling for stressor exposure, is associated with gray matter (GM) in a priori regions of interest (ROIs; mPFC, hippocampus, amygdala) and across the cortex in a sample of 108 adolescents and emerging adults ages 14-22. There were no associations across the full sample between perceived control over either stressor type and GM in the ROIs. However, less perceived control over dependent stressors was associated with greater amygdala gray matter volume in female youth and greater medial prefrontal cortex thickness in male youth. Furthermore, whole-cortex analyses revealed less perceived control over dependent stressors was associated with greater GM thickness in cortical regions involved in cognitive and emotional regulation. Thus, appraisals of control have distinct associations with brain morphology while controlling for stressor frequency, highlighting the importance of differentiating between these aspects of the stress experience in future research.
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A study by Fassett-Carman et al. (2022) reported that perceived uncontrollability of dependent stressors, not independent stressors, correlated with cortical thickness in cognitive-control areas such as dlPFC, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and rostral ACC.
“found that perceived lack of control over dependent stressors, but not independent stressors, was associated with cortical thickness in a cluster of regions typically involved in cognitive control, including the dlPFC, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and rostral ACC (Fassett-Carman et al., 2022).”
From Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence (2023) · cites this paper as Fassett-Carman et al., 2022
Dependent stress may be more social and interpersonal during adolescence than independent stress.
“Compared to independent stress, dependent stress may have more social and interpersonal content during adolescence (Fassett-Carman et al., 2022).”
From Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence (2023) · cites this paper as Fassett-Carman et al., 2022
Fassett-Carman et al. (2022) found only one independent-SLE association with cortical thickness that survived correction, in lateral orbitofrontal cortex, which was also seen for dependent SLEs.
“the study by Fassett-Carman et al. (2022) revealed only a single association between independent SLEs and cortical thickness that survived correction, which was a cluster in lateral orbitofrontal cortex (though this was also detected for dependent SLEs).”
From Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence (2023) · cites this paper as Fassett-Carman et al., 2022
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- Authors
- Fassett-Carman, A. N., Smolker, H., Hankin, B. L., Snyder, H. R., & Banich, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fassett-Carman, Alyssa N.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2022-01-28
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 655-671
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC9308625
- OpenAlex
- W4213239797
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH019929)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32 GM084907)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- learned helplessness, life events, gray matter volume, gray matter thickness, adolescents, emerging adults, amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, sex differences, brain structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Gray Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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