Cited by 157Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsMemory and Neural MechanismsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 50 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise

Open access

Thomas, Adam G., Dennis, Andrea, Rawlings, Nancy B., Stagg, Charlotte J., Matthews, Lucy, Morris, Martyn, Kolind, Shannon H., Foxley, Sean, Jenkinson, Mark, Nichols, Thomas E., Dawes, Helen, Bandettini, Peter A., Johansen-Berg, Heidi·2016·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.090PMC PMC4848119

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Abstract

The hippocampus has been shown to demonstrate a remarkable degree of plasticity in response to a variety of tasks and experiences. For example, the size of the human hippocampus has been shown to increase in response to aerobic exercise. However, it is currently unknown what underlies these changes. Here we scanned sedentary, young to middle-aged human adults before and after a six-week exercise intervention using nine different neuroimaging measures of brain structure, vasculature, and diffusion. We then tested two different hypotheses regarding the nature of the underlying changes in the tissue. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a vascular change as has been previously reported. Rather, the pattern of changes is better explained by an increase in myelination. Finally, we show that hippocampal volume increase is temporary, returning to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise. This is the first demonstration of a change in hippocampal volume in early to middle adulthood suggesting that hippocampal volume is modulated by aerobic exercise throughout the lifespan rather than only in the presence of age related atrophy. It is also the first demonstration of hippocampal volume change over a period of only six weeks, suggesting that gross morphometric hippocampal plasticity occurs faster than previously thought.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In sedentary young-to-middle-aged adults, six weeks of supervised aerobic exercise increased anterior hippocampal volume, but this increase returned to baseline after six further weeks without exercise. Multimodal MRI measures did not support a vascular change; the pattern was better explained by increased myelination.

Key findings

Six weeks of aerobic exercise significantly changed anterior hippocampal volume (LME log likelihood ratio = 6.95, P = 0.0084), with volume increased immediately post-training; at six weeks post-training, volume was not statistically different from baseline (log likelihood ratio = 0.38, P = 0.54).
Fitness improved with exercise (V̇O2 max model log likelihood ratio = 13.25, P < 0.001), but was not significantly elevated six weeks after training ended (log likelihood ratio = 0.01, P = 0.92).
The vascular-change hypothesis was not supported by combined multimodal measures (Stouffer’s Z = −1.05, P = 0.78), whereas the myelination-change hypothesis was supported (Z = 2.64, P = 0.01).
No significant changes were observed in any cognitive task, and thalamus volume showed no significant exercise effect (log likelihood ratio = 0.0007, P = 0.98).

Methods

62 sedentary adults (35 women, 27 men; mean age 33.7, SD 11.9) were studied; 54 were pseudo-randomly assigned in a crossover design to “rest first” or “exercise first,” and 8 were baseline-only. Exercise consisted of 30 minutes of supervised stationary cycling, 5 days/week for 6 weeks; average attendance was 29.05 of 30 sessions (SD 1.05).
MRI at 3T included T1, T2, QSM, SWI, CBV, diffusion measures (MD, FA), and gray/white matter segmentation. FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation was used to define the anterior-most 25% of the hippocampus in native space.
Longitudinal linear mixed effects models tested exercise effects over time, and a non-parametric permutation-based Stouffer’s method combined multimodal Z-scores to test vascular versus myelin hypotheses.

Limitations

Stated: the lack of cognitive changes may reflect the short intervention, choice of cognitive tests, or participant age; T1 measurement may have been noisy or affected by opposing biological changes; other microstructural changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis were not tested; the intervention may have been too short to elicit vascular effects; and non-exercise features such as social interaction or novel environment could have contributed.
Stated: hippocampal head segmentation used a quartering strategy because distinguishing head, body, and tail with 3T MRI is difficult.
Evident: dropout reduced the completers available for longitudinal analysis (25 exercise-first and 15 rest-first completed all three scans), and the baseline-only group received only a single scan.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.090

Cites

89 of 89 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 50 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model provided a significantly better fit for the variance in V̇O2 max than the baseline model which included only subject ID and time (log likelihood ratio=13.25, P < 0.001), suggesting that exercise caused significant change in fitness.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores · plain
  “Inspection of the time course of change in V̇O2 max (Figure 2 and Table 1) reveals that fitness is increased immediately post training.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study we have provided the first demonstration that volume increase in the anterior hippocampus occurs in early to middle adulthood after just six weeks of aerobic exercise.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · boosted
  “This study therefore provides novel evidence that just six weeks of exercise results in increases in hippocampal volume in young to middle aged adults.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Testing the vascular change hypothesis failed to reach significance on the Stouffer’s test (Z=−1.05, P=0.78)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
  “we found no evidence of a vascular change as has been previously reported.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 37 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 19
The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim. 24

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This variable provided no significant additional power to the model (Log Likelihood Ratio=0.38, P=0.54), suggesting that six weeks after the completion of the exercise training program, anterior hippocampal volume was not statistically different from baseline.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
  “we show hippocampal volume increase is temporary, returning to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model provided a significantly better fit for the anterior hippocampal volume as compared to a model containing just subject ID and time (Log Likelihood Ratio=6.95, P=0.0084), demonstrating that the exercise intervention significantly changed anterior hippocampal volume.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase · plain
  “Inspection of the time course of volume change (Figure 3 and S2) reveals that hippocampal volume is increased immediately post-training.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Habitual aerobic exercise has been widely associated with greater cognitive performance in older adults as well as adolescents (Kramer and Erickson, 2007; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012; Benedict et al., 2012; Aberg et al., 2009; Young et al., 2015).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kramer and Erickson, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Benedict et al., 2012
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent longitudinal study has demonstrated that one year of aerobic exercise has a direct causal role in increasing the volume of the hippocampus in sedentary older adults (Erickson et al., 2011).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erickson et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Environmental enrichment, a less specific manipulation, has been shown to increase myelination of callosal fibres (Markham et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Markham et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Zhao et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Measures of cardiovascular fitness have been shown to increase after as little as one week of exercise training (Hickson et al., 1981).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hickson et al., 1981 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Longitudinal LME modelling has been demonstrated to be a be superior technique to more common alternatives such as repeated measure ANOVA or simple paired T-test in that it provides more statistical power and is robust in the face of missing data (Bernal-Rusiel et al., 2013).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4. Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernal-Rusiel et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“QSM has been shown to be dark in myelin-rich regions and bright in blood-rich regions (Deistung et al., 2013; Stuber and Turner, 2010)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Deistung et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Stuber and Turner, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, it has been shown that aerobic exercise increases the rate of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus region of the rodent hippocampus and increases cerebral blood volume (CBV) in the same region in humans (Pereira et al., 2007; van Praag et al., 1999a,b).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pereira et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites van Praag et al., 1999a,b
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The T1 of blood is high whereas that of myelin is low, compared to average T1 in gray matter (Stanisz et al., 2005; Wansapura et al., 1999)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stanisz et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Wansapura et al., 1999 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological examination of the hippocampus reveals three obvious subdivision along the longitudinal axis: the head, the body, and the tail (Duvernoy, 2005; Strange et al., 2014), with the body being somewhat longer than the other two segments.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duvernoy, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Strange et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the hippocampus, exercise alone leads to increased production of new neurons while exercise paired with environmental enrichment leads to greater survival of new neurons (van Praag et al., 2000, 2005).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites van Praag et al., 2000, 2005
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previously published studies in rodents that have shown a robust vascular change within the hippocampus after a prolonged period of exercise (Pereira et al., 2007; Van der Borght et al., 2009; van Praag et al., 2005).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pereira et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Van der Borght et al., 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites van Praag et al., 2005 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although a number of studies have reported change in brain volumes with exercise interventions in older adults (Erickson et al., 2011; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erickson et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“it has been recently demonstrated that an increase in head motion could result in artifactual changes in segmented volumes (Reuter et al., 2014).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reuter et al., 2014
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, in cerebellum, exercise alone has been shown to increase capillary density while exercise paired with environmental enrichment leads to an increase in synaptic density (Black et al., 1990).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is difficult to address this dichotomy in a human study, as the daily lives of humans are constantly enriched compared to that of a rodent housed in a laboratory setting.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Human daily lives are constantly enriched compared to laboratory rodents.
In the paper
“Growth of mossy fibers in the rat hippocampus with physical exercise has been previously reported (Toscano-Silva et al., 2010), however these fibers are not myelinated.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Toscano-Silva et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“many investigators consider R1 (1/T1) to be the best MR measure of myelin content (Stüber et al., 2014; Lutti et al., 2013).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stüber et al., 2014 source
- Not checked yetcites Lutti et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuronal activity-dependent changes in myelination have been observed in cell culture (Wake et al., 2011; Fields, 2010) as well as in recent in vivo experiments (Gibson et al., 2014).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wake et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Fields, 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Gibson et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown volume changes in the entire hippocampus which appeared to be driven by the anterior half of the structure (Erickson et al., 2011).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erickson et al., 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Histology also requires fixation which, depending on the precise procedure used, can cause shrinkage and dehydration, potentially distorting volume measurements (Overgaard and Meden, 2000).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Overgaard and Meden, 2000
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

37 of 37

The authors state this as an assumption.
For the longitudinal LME models, the baseline expectation was that measures change linearly over time.
“For all of our LME analyses, a linear change with time was used as the null hypothesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During the six-week rest phase, rest-first participants kept their usual physical activity levels.
“Participants in the rest first group were then asked to maintain their normal level of physical activity for six weeks, after which they returned for a second cognitive and fitness assessment and MRI scan.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After training, exercise-first participants resumed their usual activity levels.
“At the end of the exercise program they were scanned and assessed again, and allowed to return to their normal level of activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study sample is representative of sedentary young to middle-aged adults for generalizing the effects of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume.
“We tested a total of 62 sedentary adult subjects (35 women and 27 males, mean age 33.7, S.D. 11.9).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effects of exercise on brain volumes in young to middle-aged adults have not been well studied.
“effects in young to middle aged adults have not been well studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Distinguishing the hippocampal head, body, and tail with 3T MRI is difficult.
“Distinguishing these three segments with 3T MRI images is difficult”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vascular and myelin changes have been shown to occur after exercise or neuronal activity.
“These two types of change were chosen as they have been shown to occur after exercise or neuronal activity”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vascular and myelin changes modulate MR properties in predictable ways.
“and also because they modulate MR properties in predictable ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other micro-structural changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis are not known to produce predictable changes in MR properties.
“We did not test for other changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis as these micro-structural changes are not known to produce predictable changes in MR properties.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Histology samples only a small portion of a region, whereas imaging averages signal across the entire region.
“the disadvantage of histology is that only a small portion of a given region is sampled, whereas imaging allows the signal to be averaged across the entire region of issue.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human daily lives are constantly enriched compared to laboratory rodents.
“the daily lives of humans are constantly enriched compared to that of a rodent housed in a laboratory setting.”

11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = -1.05reported p = .78 · recomputed p = .294
“(Z=−1.05, p = .78”
The paper states an exact test
Consistentz = 2.64reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .008
“(Z=2.64, p = .01”

2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Reported scan total does not match participant follow-up counts
Minor
The dropout counts imply 62 first scans, 52 second scans (25 + 4 + 15 + 8), and 40 third scans (25 + 15), for 154 scans rather than 151.
Reported 151 · recomputed 154
Exercise-completion count conflicts with dropout counts
Minor
The dropout counts indicate that 29 exercise-first participants had a post-training scan (four with two scans and 25 with three), as did 15 rest-first participants. That totals 44 participants completing the intervention, not 41.

2 of 2

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“and white matter segmentations were performed using FMRIB’s Automated Segmentation Tool (FAST) (Zhang et al., 2001) without smoothing.”
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“Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was also monitored (Borg, 1970).”
Method
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MethodInfluential

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“This study also has some important, broader implications that should be briefly mentioned. et al., 2021; Thomas et al., 2016; Weber et al., 2019).”
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Physical fitness moderates the association between brain network impairment and both motor function and cognition in progressive multiple sclerosis
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cortical thickness of medial temporal brain areas associated with spatial cognition in young but not older adults
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Intrinsic Connectivity Changes Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Sustained Visual Attention
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Exercise-driven modulation of glutamatergic signaling: mechanisms and clinical implications
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“…changes have been demonstrated in vivo where physical exercise induced a temporary, histologically-confirmed increase in vascular volume in the adult simian M1 (Rhyu et al., 2010), although human neuroimaging studies analysing cerebral blood volume did not corroborate this (Thomas et al., 2016).”
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“The enlarged anterior hippocampal volume has been attributed to improved myelination, possibly mediated by neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF and IGF-1 (Dishman et al., 2006; Erickson et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2016).”
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“Both Maass et al. (2014) and Thomas et al. (2016) found a specific relation between increase in CRF and increase in anterior hippocampal volume, suggesting greater sensitivity to CRF in the anterior hippocampus.”
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Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts cortical thickness of medial temporal brain areas associated with spatial cognition in young but not older adultsPreprint
Rosario, M. A., Kern, K. L., Mumtaz, S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439355 · Cited by 1
“More recent work using diffusion tensor imaging has shown an exercise-induced change in hippocampal myelination in both humans and rodents (Islam et al., 2020; Thomas et al., 2016).”
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Exercise is positively associated with cognitive Function:The role of exercise modalities
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The Relationship between Physical Fitness Factors and Academic Skills among Officer Aircrew
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Authors: Thomas, A. G., Dennis, A., Rawlings, N. B., Stagg, C. J., Matthews, L., Morris, M., Kolind, S. H., Foxley, S., Jenkinson, M., Nichols, T. E., Dawes, H., Bandettini, P. A., & Johansen-Berg, H.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Oxford Brookes University (GB)
King's College London (GB)
University of Warwick (GB)
Corresponding author: Thomas, Adam G.
ORCID: Thomas, Adam G.
Dennis, Andrea
Stagg, Charlotte J.
Matthews, Lucy
Morris, Martyn
Kolind, Shannon H.
Foxley, Sean
Jenkinson, Mark
Nichols, Thomas E.
Dawes, Helen
Bandettini, Peter A.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-05
Volume: 131
Pages: 162-170
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.090
PMC: PMC4848119
OpenAlex: W2184267685
Cited by: 152
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9
FWCI: 4.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: NIMH
UK National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Keywords: hippocampal volume, aerobic exercise, hippocampal plasticity, myelination, neurovascular changes, diffusion MRI, brain structure, exercise intervention, midlife, hippocampal atrophy, neuroimaging
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Blood Flow Velocity, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Organ Size, Exercise, Neuroimaging, Physical Conditioning, Human, Multimodal Imaging

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Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise

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