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Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise
Open accessAbstract
The hippocampus has been shown to demonstrate a remarkable degree of plasticity in response to a variety of tasks and experiences. For example, the size of the human hippocampus has been shown to increase in response to aerobic exercise. However, it is currently unknown what underlies these changes. Here we scanned sedentary, young to middle-aged human adults before and after a six-week exercise intervention using nine different neuroimaging measures of brain structure, vasculature, and diffusion. We then tested two different hypotheses regarding the nature of the underlying changes in the tissue. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a vascular change as has been previously reported. Rather, the pattern of changes is better explained by an increase in myelination. Finally, we show that hippocampal volume increase is temporary, returning to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise. This is the first demonstration of a change in hippocampal volume in early to middle adulthood suggesting that hippocampal volume is modulated by aerobic exercise throughout the lifespan rather than only in the presence of age related atrophy. It is also the first demonstration of hippocampal volume change over a period of only six weeks, suggesting that gross morphometric hippocampal plasticity occurs faster than previously thought.
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TL;DR
In sedentary young-to-middle-aged adults, six weeks of supervised aerobic exercise increased anterior hippocampal volume, but this increase returned to baseline after six further weeks without exercise. Multimodal MRI measures did not support a vascular change; the pattern was better explained by increased myelination.
Key findings
- Six weeks of aerobic exercise significantly changed anterior hippocampal volume (LME log likelihood ratio = 6.95, P = 0.0084), with volume increased immediately post-training; at six weeks post-training, volume was not statistically different from baseline (log likelihood ratio = 0.38, P = 0.54).
- Fitness improved with exercise (V̇O2 max model log likelihood ratio = 13.25, P < 0.001), but was not significantly elevated six weeks after training ended (log likelihood ratio = 0.01, P = 0.92).
- The vascular-change hypothesis was not supported by combined multimodal measures (Stouffer’s Z = −1.05, P = 0.78), whereas the myelination-change hypothesis was supported (Z = 2.64, P = 0.01).
- No significant changes were observed in any cognitive task, and thalamus volume showed no significant exercise effect (log likelihood ratio = 0.0007, P = 0.98).
Methods
- 62 sedentary adults (35 women, 27 men; mean age 33.7, SD 11.9) were studied; 54 were pseudo-randomly assigned in a crossover design to “rest first” or “exercise first,” and 8 were baseline-only. Exercise consisted of 30 minutes of supervised stationary cycling, 5 days/week for 6 weeks; average attendance was 29.05 of 30 sessions (SD 1.05).
- MRI at 3T included T1, T2, QSM, SWI, CBV, diffusion measures (MD, FA), and gray/white matter segmentation. FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation was used to define the anterior-most 25% of the hippocampus in native space.
- Longitudinal linear mixed effects models tested exercise effects over time, and a non-parametric permutation-based Stouffer’s method combined multimodal Z-scores to test vascular versus myelin hypotheses.
Limitations
- Stated: the lack of cognitive changes may reflect the short intervention, choice of cognitive tests, or participant age; T1 measurement may have been noisy or affected by opposing biological changes; other microstructural changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis were not tested; the intervention may have been too short to elicit vascular effects; and non-exercise features such as social interaction or novel environment could have contributed.
- Stated: hippocampal head segmentation used a quartering strategy because distinguishing head, body, and tail with 3T MRI is difficult.
- Evident: dropout reduced the completers available for longitudinal analysis (25 exercise-first and 15 rest-first completed all three scans), and the baseline-only group received only a single scan.
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Claims the paper makes
30 Not checked yet · 23 Own result · 13 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model provided a significantly better fit for the variance in V̇O2 max than the baseline model which included only subject ID and time (log likelihood ratio=13.25, P < 0.001), suggesting that exercise caused significant change in fitness.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores · plain
“Inspection of the time course of change in V̇O2 max (Figure 2 and Table 1) reveals that fitness is increased immediately post training.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thalamus volume showed no significant effects of exercise (Log Likelihood Ratio=0.0007, P=0.98).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, V̇O2 max is not statistically different from baseline at the twelve-week visit, six weeks after the end of the exercise training program.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while the myelin change hypothesis was significant (Z=2.64, P=0.01).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant correlations were found between cognitive scores and fitness after accounting for age, sex, and total brain volume and correcting for multiple comparisons.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.1. Baseline correlations between fitness, hippocampal volume, and cognitive
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study we have provided the first demonstration that volume increase in the anterior hippocampus occurs in early to middle adulthood after just six weeks of aerobic exercise.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · boosted
“This study therefore provides novel evidence that just six weeks of exercise results in increases in hippocampal volume in young to middle aged adults.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“another measure that has been used to measure myelin, the T1/T2 ratio (Glasser and Van Essen, 2011), did show an increase in the anterior hippocampus (Z = 1.54).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increase is not permanent, returning to baseline after six further weeks without regular aerobic exercise.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Testing the vascular change hypothesis failed to reach significance on the Stouffer’s test (Z=−1.05, P=0.78)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“we found no evidence of a vascular change as has been previously reported.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant changes with exercise were observed in any of the cognitive tasks.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar pattern was observed for the whole hippocampus however the effect was not significant (Log Likelihood Ratio=1.31, P=0.25).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This variable provided no significant additional power to the model (Log Likelihood Ratio=0.38, P=0.54), suggesting that six weeks after the completion of the exercise training program, anterior hippocampal volume was not statistically different from baseline.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“we show hippocampal volume increase is temporary, returning to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model provided a significantly better fit for the anterior hippocampal volume as compared to a model containing just subject ID and time (Log Likelihood Ratio=6.95, P=0.0084), demonstrating that the exercise intervention significantly changed anterior hippocampal volume.”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase · plain
“Inspection of the time course of volume change (Figure 3 and S2) reveals that hippocampal volume is increased immediately post-training.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Anterior Hippocampal Volume Increase · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is apparent from this graph that WM, T2, and QSM are all showing relatively large shifts consistent with a myelination change, while T1 and CBV show little change at all (Figure 4).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of thirty possible aerobic exercise training sessions, the average attendance was 29.05 sessions (SD 1.05).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.2. Exercise training improves fitness but does not not change cognitive scores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Habitual aerobic exercise has been widely associated with greater cognitive performance in older adults as well as adolescents (Kramer and Erickson, 2007; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012; Benedict et al., 2012; Aberg et al., 2009; Young et al., 2015).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent longitudinal study has demonstrated that one year of aerobic exercise has a direct causal role in increasing the volume of the hippocampus in sedentary older adults (Erickson et al., 2011).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erickson et al., 2011 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“Environmental enrichment, a less specific manipulation, has been shown to increase myelination of callosal fibres (Markham et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Measures of cardiovascular fitness have been shown to increase after as little as one week of exercise training (Hickson et al., 1981).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hickson et al., 1981 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each volume was visually inspected for segmentation errors. No manual correction was required.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.3. Imaging methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longitudinal LME modelling has been demonstrated to be a be superior technique to more common alternatives such as repeated measure ANOVA or simple paired T-test in that it provides more statistical power and is robust in the face of missing data (Bernal-Rusiel et al., 2013).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4. Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernal-Rusiel et al., 2013 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“QSM has been shown to be dark in myelin-rich regions and bright in blood-rich regions (Deistung et al., 2013; Stuber and Turner, 2010)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Deistung et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Stuber and Turner, 2010
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a standard crossover design, 54 of the 62 participants were pseudo-randomly assigned to one of two groups: “rest first” or “exercise first” (Figure 1).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.1. Participants and experimental design
plainn = 62- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The permutation method randomly flips the signs of each subject’s data, but does so synchronously over subjects to preserve the dependence.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4. Statistical analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also the first demonstration of hippocampal volume change over a period of only six weeks, suggesting gross morphometric hippocampal plasticity occurs faster than previously thought.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, we found no significant differences between the exercise-first and rest-first groups in fitness, anterior hippocampal volume or cognitive scores.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.1. Baseline correlations between fitness, hippocampal volume, and cognitive
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, it has been shown that aerobic exercise increases the rate of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus region of the rodent hippocampus and increases cerebral blood volume (CBV) in the same region in humans (Pereira et al., 2007; van Praag et al., 1999a,b).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pereira et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites van Praag et al., 1999a,b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first demonstration of a change in hippocampal volume in early to middle adulthood suggesting that hippocampal volume is modulated by aerobic exercise throughout the lifespan rather than only in the presence of age related atrophy.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The T1 of blood is high whereas that of myelin is low, compared to average T1 in gray matter (Stanisz et al., 2005; Wansapura et al., 1999)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 3. Results > 3.4. Exploratory multimodal measurements of change within anterior hippocampus
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that no correction for intracranial volume was necessary as our analysis only explored differences within subject.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.3. Imaging methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological examination of the hippocampus reveals three obvious subdivision along the longitudinal axis: the head, the body, and the tail (Duvernoy, 2005; Strange et al., 2014), with the body being somewhat longer than the other two segments.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duvernoy, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Strange et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the hippocampus, exercise alone leads to increased production of new neurons while exercise paired with environmental enrichment leads to greater survival of new neurons (van Praag et al., 2000, 2005).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van Praag et al., 2000, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These approaches remove the possibility of spurious results due to biased alignments, properly model both between and within subject sources of variance, and control for potential time-related confounds such as scanner drift and practice.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previously published studies in rodents that have shown a robust vascular change within the hippocampus after a prolonged period of exercise (Pereira et al., 2007; Van der Borght et al., 2009; van Praag et al., 2005).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although a number of studies have reported change in brain volumes with exercise interventions in older adults (Erickson et al., 2011; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“it has been recently demonstrated that an increase in head motion could result in artifactual changes in segmented volumes (Reuter et al., 2014).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reuter et al., 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, in cerebellum, exercise alone has been shown to increase capillary density while exercise paired with environmental enrichment leads to an increase in synaptic density (Black et al., 1990).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is difficult to address this dichotomy in a human study, as the daily lives of humans are constantly enriched compared to that of a rodent housed in a laboratory setting.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Human daily lives are constantly enriched compared to laboratory rodents.
In the paper
“Growth of mossy fibers in the rat hippocampus with physical exercise has been previously reported (Toscano-Silva et al., 2010), however these fibers are not myelinated.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Toscano-Silva et al., 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“many investigators consider R1 (1/T1) to be the best MR measure of myelin content (Stüber et al., 2014; Lutti et al., 2013).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have also used well established Linear Mixed Effects models for statistical inference.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuronal activity-dependent changes in myelination have been observed in cell culture (Wake et al., 2011; Fields, 2010) as well as in recent in vivo experiments (Gibson et al., 2014).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown volume changes in the entire hippocampus which appeared to be driven by the anterior half of the structure (Erickson et al., 2011).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erickson et al., 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent transient nature of the myelin increase also suggests that continuing an active lifestyle may be important for maintaining improvement in brain structure.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot rule out the possibility that these or other micro-structural changes, that we have not tested here, could also contribute.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Histology also requires fixation which, depending on the precise procedure used, can cause shrinkage and dehydration, potentially distorting volume measurements (Overgaard and Meden, 2000).”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Overgaard and Meden, 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we cannot rule out the possibility that other features of the intervention, such as social interaction and experience of a novel environment, could contribute to the effects we observed.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
For the longitudinal LME models, the baseline expectation was that measures change linearly over time.
“For all of our LME analyses, a linear change with time was used as the null hypothesis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During the six-week rest phase, rest-first participants kept their usual physical activity levels.
“Participants in the rest first group were then asked to maintain their normal level of physical activity for six weeks, after which they returned for a second cognitive and fitness assessment and MRI scan.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After training, exercise-first participants resumed their usual activity levels.
“At the end of the exercise program they were scanned and assessed again, and allowed to return to their normal level of activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study sample is representative of sedentary young to middle-aged adults for generalizing the effects of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume.
“We tested a total of 62 sedentary adult subjects (35 women and 27 males, mean age 33.7, S.D. 11.9).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effects of exercise on brain volumes in young to middle-aged adults have not been well studied.
“effects in young to middle aged adults have not been well studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Distinguishing the hippocampal head, body, and tail with 3T MRI is difficult.
“Distinguishing these three segments with 3T MRI images is difficult”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vascular and myelin changes have been shown to occur after exercise or neuronal activity.
“These two types of change were chosen as they have been shown to occur after exercise or neuronal activity”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vascular and myelin changes modulate MR properties in predictable ways.
“and also because they modulate MR properties in predictable ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other micro-structural changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis are not known to produce predictable changes in MR properties.
“We did not test for other changes such as neuronal density, dendritic spines, or synaptogenesis as these micro-structural changes are not known to produce predictable changes in MR properties.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Histology samples only a small portion of a region, whereas imaging averages signal across the entire region.
“the disadvantage of histology is that only a small portion of a given region is sampled, whereas imaging allows the signal to be averaged across the entire region of issue.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human daily lives are constantly enriched compared to laboratory rodents.
“the daily lives of humans are constantly enriched compared to that of a rodent housed in a laboratory setting.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“while regular exercise for > 3 months can effectively reshape the central nervous system organization of patients with depression [80].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“RCTs in healthy samples have demonstrated that AE interventions were associated with increases in hippocampal volume in young and middle aged (Thomas et al., 2016) and older adults (Colcombe et al., 2006; Erickson et al., 2011; Niemann et al., 2014; Kleemeyer et al., 2015; Maass et al., 2015; Sexton et al., 2015a).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Thomas et al., 2016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = -1.05reported p = .78 · recomputed p = .294
“(Z=−1.05, p = .78”
The paper states an exact test
- Consistentz = 2.64reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .008
“(Z=2.64, p = .01”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“A total of 151 scans were acquired.”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.1. Participants and experimental design
Reported 151 · recomputed 154
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 4. Discussion
“our study had more participants completing the exercise intervention (41 vs. 11)”
§ Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.1. Participants and experimental design
“four dropped out after two scans (pre- and post-training), and 25 completed all three scans. Twenty-four participants were assigned to the rest first condition. In this group, one participant dropped out after the fist scan, eight dropped out after two scans, and fifteen completed all three scans.”
Citations
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nlme : Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
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Methodnlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
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Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108 · Cited by 4,855 · cited 6×
“A recent longitudinal study has demonstrated that one year of aerobic exercise has a direct causal role in increasing the volume of the hippocampus in sedentary older adults (Erickson et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress
Borg, G. (1970) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/1650197719702239298 · Cited by 4,723 · cited 1×
“Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was also monitored (Borg, 1970).”
MethodFitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2011) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119513469 · Cited by 4,639 · cited 2×
“The first is that LME separately and effectively models variance due to within and between subject factors (Fitzmaurice et al., 2011; Verbeke and Molenberghs, 2009).”
BackgroundRunning increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus
van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/6368 · Cited by 3,880
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
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“…estimated V ̇ O 2 max was calculated by performing a linear fit between Heart Rate (HR) and V ̇ O 2 scores during the test and projecting the V ̇ O 2 value at the participant’s age-predicted heart rate maximum (208 − 0.7 * Age, Tanaka et al., 2001; American College of Sports Medicine, 2006).”
MethodInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Hendrikse, J., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040 · Cited by 1,309
Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F., Lagopoulos, J., Rosenbaum, S., & Ward, P. B. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007 · Cited by 526
“examining the effects of exercise in young-to-middle-aged adults found no change in total hippocampal volume but did find a significant increase in anterior hippocampal volume following 6 weeks of aerobic exercise (Thomas et al., 2016).”
InfluentialTopiwala, A., Allan, C. L., Valkanova, V., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Sexton, C., Mahmood, A., Fooks, P., Singh-Manoux, A., Mackay, C. E., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2353 · Cited by 455
White Matter Plasticity in the Adult Brain
Sampaio‐Baptista, C., & Johansen‐Berg, H. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.026 · Cited by 432
“…has been extensively reported to have an impact on gray matter volume of the hippocampus as measured by neuroimaging (Erickson et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2016), but the underlying cellular drivers for gross changes following exercise interventions detected using neuroimaging remain…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEffects of Exercise on Brain and Cognition Across Age Groups and Health States
Stillman, C. M., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Brown, B. M., Bender, C. M., & Erickson, K. I. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.010 · Cited by 444
Mediators of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Function: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis
Stillman, C. M., Cohen, J., Lehman, M. E., & Erickson, K. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00626 · Cited by 421
Exercise effects on depression: Possible neural mechanisms
Gujral, S., Aizenstein, H., Reynolds, C. F., Butters, M. A., & Erickson, K. I. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.012 · Cited by 334
“9) using a cross-over design found that 6 weeks of aerobic training for 5 days a week, 30 minutes each day, was sufficient to increase hippocampal volume (43).”
MethodExercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: A Mechanistic Model and Prospects for Promoting Plasticity
El‐Sayes, J., Harasym, D., Turco, C. V., Locke, M. B., & Nelson, A. J. (2018) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858418771538 · Cited by 335
Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study—Revisited
Kramer, A. F., & Colcombe, S. J. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617707316 · Cited by 288
Non‐parametric combination and related permutation tests for neuroimaging
Winkler, A. M., Webster, M., Brooks, J. C. W., Tracey, I., Smith, S. M., & Nichols, T. E. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23115 · Cited by 237
Self-citationExercise and Hippocampal Memory Systems
Voss, M. W., Soto, C., Yoo, S., Sodoma, M., Vivar, C., & van Praag, H. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.006 · Cited by 235
“However, a study in young to middle-age adults found that anterior hippocampal volume changes from 6 weeks of training that improved fitness increased markers of myelination rather than cerebral blood volume [67].”
BackgroundJonasson, L. S., Nyberg, L. H., Kramer, A. F., Lundquist, A., Riklund, K., & Boraxbekk, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00336 · Cited by 245
“…on brain structures; in particular in the hippocampus (Pereira et al., 2007; Erickson et al., 2011; Maass et al., 2014; Niemann et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2016), and in frontal areas (Colcombe et al., 2006; Erickson et al., 2010; Flöel et al., 2010; Voss et al., 2013; Oberlin et al.,…”
BackgroundAllan, J., McMinn, D., & Daly, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00386 · Cited by 214
“Third, we propose an integrated reciprocal account whereby EF and health behavior are linked through a feedback loop that could confer substantial health benefits over time.”
BackgroundWang, R., & Holsinger, R. M. D. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.10.002 · Cited by 203
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents
Wang, X., Cai, Z.-D., Jiang, W.-T., Fang, Y.-Y., Sun, W.-X., & Wang, X. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00453-2 · Cited by 169
“A single exercise session among individuals with depressive symptoms can significantly improve self-efficacy, thereby reducing negative emotions [79], while regular exercise for > 3 months can effectively reshape the central nervous system organization of patients with depression [80].”
BackgroundRogge, A.-K., Röder, B., Zech, A., & Hötting, K. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.065 · Cited by 157
The Contribution of Physical Exercise to Brain Resilience
Arida, R. M., & Teixeira-Machado, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.626769 · Cited by 188
“In younger adults, a 6-weeks exercise program was able to increase hippocampal volume (Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKandola, A., Hendrikse, J., Lucassen, P. J., & Yücel, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00373 · Cited by 155
“For example, one study demonstrated that AE stimulated hippocampal volume growth and then utilized a range of multi-modal MRI techniques to indirectly suggest that this growth may be supported by changes in myelination, rather than in vasculature (Thomas et al., 2016).”
Neuroprotective mechanisms of exercise and the importance of fitness for healthy brain ageing
Tari, A. R., Walker, T. L., Huuha, A. M., Sando, S. B., & Wisløff, U. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00184-9 · Cited by 189
The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults
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“, six weeks in a younger population; [6]).”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise interventions preserve hippocampal volume: A meta‐analysis
Wilckens, K. A., Stillman, C. M., Waiwood, A. M., Kang, C., Leckie, R. L., Peven, J. C., Foust, J. E., Fraundorf, S. H., & Erickson, K. I. (2020) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23292 · Cited by 128
Szulc, K. U., Timmons, B. W., Bouffet, É., Laughlin, S., de Medeiros, C. B., Skocic, J., Lerch, J. P., & Mabbott, D. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.021 · Cited by 103
Exercise-Based Interventions for Internet Addiction: Neurobiological and Neuropsychological Evidence
Li, S., Wu, Q., Tang, C., Chen, Z., & Liu, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01296 · Cited by 108
“Similarly, exercise and good fitness level are associated with larger hippocampal volume (Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEvidence for exercise-related plasticity in functional and structural neural network connectivity
Won, J., Callow, D. D., Pena, G. S., Gogniat, M. A., Kommula, Y., Arnold-Nedimala, N. A., Jordan, L. S., & Smith, J. C. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.013 · Cited by 109
At least eighty percent of brain grey matter is modifiable by physical activity: A review study
Batouli, S. A. H., & Saba, V. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.002 · Cited by 92
“However, changes might emerge much faster than this: 26 weeks of chest and leg press [136], 138 days of aerobic exercise [137], 3 months of biking, running strength training [138], endurance training [139] and juggling [140], 6 weeks of aerobic exercise [141] and balance training [142], and even 1 week of practicing a…”
BackgroundTai Chi Chuan vs General Aerobic Exercise in Brain Plasticity: A Multimodal MRI Study
Cui, L., Yin, H., Lyu, S., Shen, Q.-Q., Wang, Y., Li, X., Li, J., Li, Y., & Zhu, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53731-z · Cited by 76
Distinct effects of late adulthood cognitive and physical activities on gray matter volume
Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., de Florès, R., Gonneaud, J., Wirth, M., Ourry, V., Callewaert, W., Landeau, B., Egret, S., Mézenge, F., Desgranges, B., et al. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9617-3 · Cited by 72
“Hippocampus”
Differentiating Higher and Lower Job Performers in the Workplace Using Mobile Sensing
Mirjafari, S., Masaba, K., Grover, T., Wang, W., Audia, P. G., Campbell, A. T., Chawla, N. V., Swain, V. D., Choudhury, M. D., Dey, A. K., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3328908 · Cited by 84
“Physical activity and mobility have been shown to boost memory [67], improve concentration [28] and enhance creativity [39].”
BackgroundGreenberg, J., Romero, V. L., Elkin-Frankston, S., Bezdek, M. A., Schumacher, E. H., & Lazar, S. W. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9858-4 · Cited by 83
“The hippocampus is our current region of interest, due to the its demonstrated malleability following mindfulness programs and other behavioral training programs lasting several weeks (Thomas et al. 2016) or even mere hours (Sagi et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus
Aghjayan, S. L., Lesnovskaya, A., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Peven, J. C., Stillman, C. M., & Erickson, K. I. (2021) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23337 · Cited by 69
Ribarič, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063245 · Cited by 77
Towards ageing well: Use it or lose it: Exercise, epigenetics and cognition
Rea, I. M. (2017) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-017-9719-3 · Cited by 76
Hippocampal sub‐regional shape and physical activity in older adults
Varma, V. R., Tang, X., & Carlson, M. C. (2016) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22586 · Cited by 54
“…specialized techniques to segment the hippocampus into sub-regions have found that aerobic exercise may primarily affect the anterior hippocampus, including the DG, CA1, and subiculum, with weaker effects on the posterior hippocampus (Erickson et al., 2011; Maass et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2015).”
Nauer, R. K., Dunne, M. F., Stern, C. E., Storer, T. W., & Schön, K. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23166 · Cited by 58
“This result is consistent with a previous exercise intervention study in young adults that showed detectable volumetric changes in the anterior hippocampus in as little as 6 weeks of high-intensity interval exercise training (Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWon, J., Callow, D. D., Pena, G. S., Jordan, L. S., Arnold-Nedimala, N. A., Nielson, K. A., & Smith, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210051 · Cited by 56
“Prior human investigations suggested that the salutary effects on hippocampal volume elicited by greater cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to be specific to the anterior relative to the posterior region [13, 40].”
BackgroundSchaeffer, E., Röeben, B., Granert, O., Hanert, A., Liepelt‐Scarfone, I., Leks, E., Otterbein, S., Saraykin, P., Busch, J., Synofzik, M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15165 · Cited by 46
“It is therefore possible that neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of PD patients is independent of detectable changes in BDNF in the serum and mediated by other underlying mechanisms such as changes in myelination [46].”
BackgroundMorris, T. P., Gomes‐Osman, J., Tormos, J. M., Costa‐Miserachs, D., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2016) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-160687 · Cited by 49
“Further,positiveassociationsbetweenPEand hippocampalvolumehavebeenshown,inbotholder andmiddle-agedadults(Ericksonetal.,2009,2011; Thomasetal.,2016).”
Hendrikse, J. J., Chye, Y., Thompson, S. C. H., Rogasch, N. C., Suo, C., Coxon, J. P., & Yücel, M. (2021) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23397 · Cited by 39
“…effects of exercise on the hippocampus of young to middle-aged adult samples (e.g., Déry et al., 2013; Killgore et al., 2013; Pajonk et al., 2010; Thomas et al., 2016; Wagner et al., 2015), the majority of studies have been conducted on older adults, that is, >65 years of age (Prakash et al.,…”
BackgroundOuden, L. D., Kandola, A. A., Suo, C., Hendrikse, J. J., Costa, R. J. S., Watt, M. J., Lorenzetti, V., Chye, Y., Parkes, L., Sabaroedin, K., et al. (2018) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-170053 · Cited by 37
“This is in 245 contrast to pre-clinical studies that have shown vol246 ume increases primarily in the DG, the site where 247 neurogenesis occurs [18], as well as human studies 248 which found pronounced increases in the hippocam249 pal head where the DG in located [3, 6].”
MethodResultNeuroplasticity of Glioma Patients: Brain Structure and Topological Network
Lv, K., Cao, X., Wang, R., Du, P., Fu, J., Geng, D., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.871613 · Cited by 43
Eskilsson, T., Järvholm, L. S., Gavelin, H. M., Neely, A. S., & Boraxbekk, C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1457-1 · Cited by 42
“volume, a brain structure that has been shown to be specifically sensitive to improved oxygen uptake following aerobic exercise [29, 30].”
BackgroundStomby, A., Otten, J., Ryberg, M., Nyberg, L. H., Olsson, T., & Boraxbekk, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00391 · Cited by 41
“A previous exercise intervention increased hippocampal volume by about 2% (Thomas et al., 2016) in sedentary middle-aged adults.”
BackgroundTahedl, M., Shing, S. L. H., Finegan, E., Chipika, R. H., Lope, J., Hardiman, O. M., & Bede, P. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.031 · Cited by 41
Structural and functional brain signatures of endurance runners
Cao, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, R., Li, L., Xia, F., Zou, L., Yu, Q., Lin, J., Herold, F., Perrey, S., et al. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02170-y · Cited by 33
Effect of high‐intensity interval training on hippocampal metabolism in older adolescents
Valkenborghs, S. R., Hillman, C. H., Al‐iedani, O., Nilsson, M., Smith, J. J., Leahy, A. A., Harries, S. K., Ramadan, S. A., & Lubans, D. R. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14090 · Cited by 31
“However, increases in hippocampal volume have been observed in young adults (Thomas et al., 2016), confirming that the hippocampus is responsive to physical activity in younger people.”
BackgroundMorgan, J., Singhal, G., Corrigan, F., Jaehne, E. J., Jawahar, M. C., Breen, J., Pederson, S., & Baune, B. T. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.014 · Cited by 31
Validation of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience
Poirier, C., Melissa Bateson, B., Gualtieri, F., Armstrong, E. A., Laws, G. C., Boswell, T., & Smulders, T. V. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.024 · Cited by 32
“Results from randomized controlled trials show that exposure to events inducing enduring positive affective states cause the changes in hippocampal biomarkers (Erickson et al., 2011; Holzel et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2016).”
Woost, L., Bazin, P., Taubert, M., Trampel, R., Tardif, C. L., Garthe, A., Kempermann, G., Renner, U., Stalla, G. K., Ott, D. V. M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19993-9 · Cited by 35
Soshi, T., Andersson, M., Kawagoe, T., Nishiguchi, S., Yamada, M., Otsuka, Y., Nakai, R., Abe, N., Aslah, A., Igasaki, T., et al. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab102 · Cited by 33
Stellmann, J., Maarouf, A., Schulz, K., Baquet, L., Pöttgen, J., Patra, S., Penner, I., Gellißen, S., Ketels, G., Besson, P., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00255 · Cited by 33
“Thus, one might hypothesize that increased functional connectivity represents a basic adaptive principle that only translates to sustained neuroplasticity on a molecular or neuronal level in a biophysiological context like exercising (Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDonofry, S. D., Stillman, C. M., Hanson, J. L., Sheridan, M. A., Sun, S., Loucks, E. B., & Erickson, K. I. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.051 · Cited by 31
Li, H., Su, W., Dang, H., Han, K., Lu, H., Yue, S., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220243 · Cited by 35
Kronman, C. A., Kern, K. L., Nauer, R. K., Dunne, M. F., Storer, T. W., & Schön, K. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23169 · Cited by 26
“…1999; van Praag, Kempermann, & Gage, 1999) and human (Erickson et al., 2011; Jonasson et al., 2017; Maass et al., 2015; Pereira et al., 2007; Rosano et al., 2017; Thomas et al., 2016) literature, which demon- strate associations between both aerobic exercise and CRF and hippo- campal plasticity.”
BackgroundLiu, X., Wang, G., & Cao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022402 · Cited by 24
Kropáčová, S., Mitterová, K., Klobušiaková, P., Brabenec, L., Anderková, Ľ., Elfmarková, N., Balážová, Z., Rektor, I., Grmela, R., Svobodová, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02068-y · Cited by 27
Fink, A., Koschutnig, K., Zussner, T., Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Rominger, C., Benedek, M., & Papousek, I. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.010 · Cited by 29
“, 2020), other studies showed volume increases in anterior portions of the hippocampus after exercising (e.g., Erickson et al., 2011; Thomas et al., 2016).”
Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Kamijo, K. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.039 · Cited by 28
Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise
Rajizadeh, M. A., Esmaeilpour, K., Motamedy, S., Borzadaran, F. M., & Sheibani, V. (2020) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.9.10.505 · Cited by 26
Higher physical fitness levels are associated with less language decline in healthy ageing
Segaert, K., Lucas, S. J. E., Burley, C. V., Segaert, P., Milner, A. E., Ryan, M., & Wheeldon, L. R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24972-1 · Cited by 21
“Interventions as short as 6 weeks can result in a measurable increase in aerobic fitness 12 .”
BackgroundKern, K. L., Storer, T. W., & Schön, K. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25259 · Cited by 20
“…volume in older adults is thought to result from the attenuation of hippocampal atrophy associated with aging (Erickson et al., 2011; Firth et al., 2018), rather than increased volume compared to baseline measurements, as seen in young adults (Nauer, Dunne, et al., 2020; Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeuroplasticity: Effects of Physical and Cognitive activity on brain structure and function
Johansen‐Berg, H., & Düzel, E. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.081 · Cited by 21
“As well as studying the effects of long-term exercise interventions, it is also important to determine whether single bouts of physical activity influence cognitive The collation of observational (Boraxbekk et al., 2016; Fischer, 2016; Johnson et al., 2016; Oberlin et al., 2016; Sexton et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2016…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKerkenberg, N., Wachsmuth, L., Zhang, M., Schettler, C., Ponimaskin, E. G., Faber, C., Baune, B. T., Zhang, W., & Hohoff, C. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15415 · Cited by 21
“Because microstructural changes as well as volumetric changes could be caused by neuronal myelination (Li et al., 2017; Thomas et al., 2016), we stained for neurofilament-heavy-chain (NF-H), as part of the neuronal cytoskeleton (Lee et al., 2020) and myelinbasic-protein (MBP), which is part of…”
BackgroundLai, Y., Wang, Z., Yue, G. H., & Jiang, C. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10010407 · Cited by 24
“[53] suggested that the hippocampal volume is modulated by aerobic exercise throughout the lifespan.”
BackgroundMultimodal Imaging Brain Markers in Early Adolescence Are Linked with a Physically Active Lifestyle
Salvan, P., Wassenaar, T. M., Wheatley, C., Beale, N., Cottaar, M., Papp, D. S., Bastiani, M., Fitzgibbon, S. P., Duff, E., Andersson, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1260-20.2020 · Cited by 19
“Previous literature has explicitly focused on studying the effects of aerobic exercise on the hippocampus (Cotman 2002; Falkai and Schmitt 2009; Chaddock-Heyman et al. 2016; Thomas et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIslam, M. R., Luo, R., Valaris, S., Haley, E. B., Takase, H., Chen, Y. I., Dickerson, B. C., Schön, K., Arai, K., Nguyen, C. T., et al. (2019) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-190090 · Cited by 21
“Exercise-induced increases in hippocampal volume, measured by MRI, have been previously described in mice [30, 31] and humans [11, 32-35].”
BackgroundNicastro, T. M., & Greenwood, B. N. (2016) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zow027 · Cited by 23
“In the hippocampus, for example, exercise increases angiogenesis (Van der Borght et al. 2009), dendritic complexity (Redila & Christie 2006; Shih et al. 2013), spine density (Eadie et al. 2005), volume (Thomas et al. 2015), and adult neurogenesis (van Praag et al. 1999b; van Praag 2008).”
BackgroundPrathap, S., Nagel, B. J., & Herting, M. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88452-9 · Cited by 23
Cole, R. C., Hazeltine, E., Weng, T. B., Wharff, C. J., DuBose, L. E., Schmid, P. G., Sigurðsson, G., Magnotta, V. A., Pierce, G. L., & Voss, M. W. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23151 · Cited by 18
“Both Maass et al. (2015) and Thomas et al. (2016) found a specific relation between increase in CRF and increase in anterior hippocampal volume, suggesting greater sensitivity to CRF in the anterior hippocampus.”
BackgroundImpact of Physical Exercise on Psychological Well-being and Psychiatric Disorders
Parra, E., Arone, A., Amadori, S., Mucci, F., PALEMERO, S., & Marazziti, D. (2020) · Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities · doi:10.26407/2020jrtdd.1.39 · Cited by 22
“…the key cellular modification related to physical exercise (Andersen, Morris, Amaral, Bliss, & O’Keefe, 2007; Van Praag, 2008), in association with a buildup of the grey matter volume in the hippocampus and in the frontal regions (Colcombe et al., 2006; Kleemeyer et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundYu, H., Mu, Q., Lv, X., Chen, S., & He, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1473710 · Cited by 21
Rapid volumetric brain changes after acute psychosocial stress
Uhlig, M., Reinelt, J. D., Lauckner, M. E., Kumral, D., Schaare, H. L., Mildner, T., Babayan, A., Möller, H. E., Engert, V., Villringer, A., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119760 · Cited by 19
Liu, X., Wang, G., & Cao, Y. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.03.013 · Cited by 18
Coherent, time-shifted patterns of microstructural plasticity during motor-skill learning
Azzarito, M., Emmenegger, T. M., Ziegler, G., Huber, E., Grabher, P., Callaghan, M. F., Thompson, A. J., Friston, K. J., Weiskopf, N., Killeen, T., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120128 · Cited by 20
“23 analysing cerebral blood volume did not corroborate this (Thomas et al., 2016).”
ResultKaiser, A., Reneman, L., Solleveld, M. M., Coolen, B. F., Scherder, E., Knutsson, L., Bjørnerud, A., van Osch, M. J. P., Wijnen, J. P., Lucassen, P. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780095 · Cited by 18
“Although most studies, particularly in older adults, have reported increases in hippocampal volume following exercise (9, 12, 73), Wagner et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFarmand, S., Preez, A. D., Kim, C., de Lucia, C., Ruepp, M., Stubbs, B., & Thuret, S. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102725 · Cited by 23
“Interestingly, in a previous study, Thomas et al. (2016) indicated that PE-induced hippocampal structural plasticity can occur faster than previously thought.”
Structural plasticity of the bilateral hippocampus in glioma patients
Yuan, T., Ying, J., Zuo, Z., Gui, S., Gao, Z., Li, G., Zhang, Y., & Li, C. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103212 · Cited by 16
“For example, human hippocampal volume has been shown to increase in response to aerobic exercise and to return to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise [7].”
BackgroundLee, J. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0493 · Cited by 16
Reassessing associations between white matter and behaviour with multimodal microstructural imaging
Lazari, A., Salvan, P., Cottaar, M., Papp, D., van der Werf, O. J., Johnstone, A., Sanders, Z., Sampaio‐Baptista, C., Eichert, N., Miyamoto, K., et al. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.017 · Cited by 15
Self-citationMorris, T. P., Costa‐Miserachs, D., Rodríguez-Rajo, P., Finestres, J., Bernabeu, M., Gomes‐Osman, J., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Tormos, J. M. (2018) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000239 · Cited by 12
Fraser, M. A., Walsh, E., Shaw, M. E., Anstey, K. J., & Cherbuin, N. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab375 · Cited by 15
Motor learning in developmental coordination disorder: behavioral and neuroimaging study
Al-Yahya, E., Esser, P., Weedon, B. D., Joshi, S., Liu, Y.-C., Springett, D. N., Salvan, P., Meaney, A., Collett, J., Inácio, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1187790 · Cited by 17
“Aerobic exercise could induce brain plasticity in early to middle adulthood, even within a relatively short timeframe of 6 weeks (Thomas et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, N., Zhu, S., Chen, S., Zou, J., Zeng, P., & Tan, S. (2025) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2024-0147 · Cited by 12
Zimmerman, B., Kundu, P., Liu, Z., Urbanski, H. F., Kroenke, C. D., Kohama, S. G., Bethea, C. L., & Raber, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00539 · Cited by 10
“In humans, aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume transiently after only 6 weeks of the intervention (56).”
BackgroundPoststroke Cardiorespiratory Exercise for Brain Volume and Cognition
Brodtmann, A. G., Churilov, L., Adkins, K., Haibe, R., Tucker, S., Khlif, M. S., Werden, E., McCambridge, L. J. E., Telfer, R., Kramer, S. F., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.28907 · Cited by 11
Zou, L.-W., Wu, X.-Y., Tao, S.-M., Yang, Y.-J., Zhang, Q., Hong, X., Xie, Y., Li, T.-T., Zheng, S.-S., & Tao, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.749194 · Cited by 10
“Several recent studies have found the relationship between PA and brain morphology (Thomas et al., 2016; Rosano et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGasquoine, P. G. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1442815 · Cited by 15
“Thomas et al. (2016), who found hippocampal volume increases after just 6 weeks of aerobic exercise in young and middle-aged adults, argued for increased myelination.”
BackgroundHippocampal subfield plasticity is associated with improved spatial memory
Boecker, H., Daamen, M., Kunz, L., Geiß, M., Müller, M., Neuss, T., Henschel, L., Stirnberg, R., Upadhyay, N., Scheef, L., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05949-5 · Cited by 13
“…to calculate a whole hippocampus measure, and, following suggestions that exercise effects may vary along the longitudinal hippocampal axis 9,11,18,22,23 Duetopreviousstudieswiththebehavioraltaskthatindicatedacentral role of the entorhinal cortex 56 , we also analyzed the left and right…”
BackgroundA neuroscience perspective on the plasticity of the social and relational brain
Singer, T. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15319 · Cited by 18
Rosso, C., Brustio, P. R., Manuello, J., & Rainoldi, A. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13080280 · Cited by 11
“…regarding the LN and the AN, referring to an integrated action among them, were analyzed in the same fifteen studies [17–19, 22– 24, 27– 30, 32 , 35– 37 Of the seventeen interventions analyzing the LN and the AN, four studies reported only functional changes, ten reported structural changes,…”
Llamas, J. L. L., Villafaina, S., Murillo-García, Á., Domínguez‐Muñoz, F. J., & Gusi, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082436 · Cited by 10
“Regarding the thalamus, three studies did not show increases in volume after physical exercise interventions [25,26,62].”
BackgroundLyu, J., Bartlett, P. F., Nasrallah, F. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1238646 · Cited by 9
Fitness and exercise effects on brain age: A randomized clinical trial
Wan, L., Molina‐Hidalgo, C., Crisafio, M. E., Grove, G., Leckie, R. L., Kamarck, T. W., Kang, C., DeCataldo, M. K., Marsland, A. L., Muldoon, M. F., et al. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101079 · Cited by 13
“Other studies have focused on the effect of aerobic exercise on regional brain volumes or thickness (e.g., hippocampal volume, 51 frontal gray matter volume, and cortical thickness 52,53 ), but few have examined a brain age variable that compares the volumetric information to that of a normative…”
Broatch, J. R., Zarekookandeh, N., Glarin, R. K., Strik, M., Johnston, L. A., Moffat, B. A., Bird, L., Gunningham, K., Churilov, L. P., Johns, H. T., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069413 · Cited by 6
Taking neurogenesis out of the lab and into the world with MAP Train My Brain™
Millon, E. M., & Shors, T. J. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112154 · Cited by 8
Expertise, brain plasticity, and resting state
Wu, J., Wang, J., Georgiadis, J. R., Cera, N., Liang, J., Shi, G., Chen, C., & Dong, M. (2024) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkae020 · Cited by 7
“For instance, a longitudinal study might tr ac k c hanges in the hippocampal volume of participants who undergo a memory training pr ogr am ov er se v er al months, ther eby identifying the neural cor-r elates of tr aining-induced cognitiv e impr ov ements (Thomas et al. , 2016 ).”
BackgroundCao, B., Guo, Y. Q., Lü, M., Wu, X., Deng, F., Wang, J., & Huang, R. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102678 · Cited by 7
Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers
Batouli, S. A. H., & Saba, V. (2020) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.11.5.352.4 · Cited by 7
Seoane, S., Ezama, L., & Janssen, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.790359 · Cited by 7
Automated detection of sleep-boundary times using wrist-worn accelerometryPreprint
O’Donnell, J., Hollowell, S., Salimi‐Khorshidi, G., Velardo, C., Sexton, C. E., Rahimi, K., Johansen‐Berg, H., Tarassenko, L., & Doherty, A. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/225516 · Cited by 5
“Accelerometer recordings and self-reported sleep-boundary data were collected as part 28 of a Cognitive Health in Ageing (CHA) Exercise study [9].”
MethodSelf-citationKuhne, L. A., Ksiezarczyk, A.-M., Braumann, K.-M., Reer, R., Jacobs, T., Röder, B., & Hötting, K. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108466 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Thomas, A. G., Dennis, A., Rawlings, N. B., Stagg, C. J., Matthews, L., Morris, M., Kolind, S. H., Foxley, S., Jenkinson, M., Nichols, T. E., Dawes, H., Bandettini, P. A., & Johansen-Berg, H.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Oxford Brookes University (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, Adam G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 131
- Pages
- 162-170
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4848119
- OpenAlex
- W2184267685
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NIMH
- UK National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- hippocampal volume, aerobic exercise, hippocampal plasticity, myelination, neurovascular changes, diffusion MRI, brain structure, exercise intervention, midlife, hippocampal atrophy, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Blood Flow Velocity, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Organ Size, Exercise, Neuroimaging, Physical Conditioning, Human, Multimodal Imaging
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