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The Future of Memory: Remembering, Imagining, and the Brain
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During the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in research examining the role of memory in imagination and future thinking. This work has revealed striking similarities between remembering the past and imagining or simulating the future, including the finding that a common brain network underlies both memory and imagination. Here, we discuss a number of key points that have emerged during recent years, focusing in particular on the importance of distinguishing between temporal and nontemporal factors in analyses of memory and imagination, the nature of differences between remembering the past and imagining the future, the identification of component processes that comprise the default network supporting memory-based simulations, and the finding that this network can couple flexibly with other networks to support complex goal-directed simulations. This growing area of research has broadened our conception of memory by highlighting the many ways in which memory supports adaptive functioning.
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“suggest that visual imagery may be an essential and unifying representational format potentiating these processes.”
From A cognitive profile of multi-sensory imagery, memory and dreaming in aphantasia (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The default network has shown robust activation when people imagine future experiences [14, 22–23].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Some key issues remain controversial, such as the nature of hippocampal contributions to episodic future thinking, and the related question of the extent to which neural and cognitive signatures of episodic future thinking are specific to imagining future experiences as opposed to atemporal imagining or imagining counterfactuals to past experiences”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Studies on this topic have indicated that episodic memory may be recruited for additional tasks where particular details of past experiences are leveraged to generate, or assemble and maintain, mental content that incorporates specific elements of prior events.”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Schacter et al. 2012
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“Strikingly, during the past decade, episodic memory, and the neural processes that support it, have been found to be engaged during tasks beyond simple remembering that may also involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details for completion, such as future thinking or simulation, decision making, and problem solving (for review, see Schacter et al. 2012;Moscovitch et al. 2016;Schacter”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Schacter et al. 2012
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“Recent conceptual work has suggested that engagement of the hippocampus (and core network more broadly) is exhibited during generative tasks that nominally involve the retrieval and reconstruction of episodic details for completion, such as simulation, decision making, and problem solving”
From Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking (2019) · cites this paper as Schacter et al. 2012
In the citing paper
“The DMN is associated with cognitive processes that require internally-directed or self-generated thought, such as mind-wandering10, future thinking11, perspective taking12, and mental simulation13.”
From Default and executive network coupling supports creative idea production (2015) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Indeed, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies on healthy subjects reveal that the same brain activation patterns are generated when people imagine the future as when they remember the past [21–24]”
From Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“It has been well demonstrated that people tend to remember better those life-episodes, which are distinct and personally meaningful and, of importance for the present study, relate to the self or self-consciousness [21,24,28,30,124–126].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“These regions, including RSC, are believed to form a network that mediates both prospective thought and episodic memory49.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [49]
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“Hippocampus and vmPFC are part of a MTL subsystem of the default network (74) that supports the formation of mental models based on mnemonic content during both memory retrieval and the simulation and encoding of future events (36, 75, 76).”
From Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory (2013) · cites this paper as [36]
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“This article will be included because of the information regarding the differences between memory and imagination which could come into play when investigating Integrated Information Theory.”
From The Ergonomics of Learning: A Proposed Update to Bloom’s Taxonomy (2025) · cites this paper as Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit (GB)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schacter, Daniel L.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 677-694
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3815616
- OpenAlex
- W2166620359
- Cited by
- 1,398
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 385 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH060941)
- National Institute on Aging (AG08441)
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- memory, imagination, future thinking, default mode network, artificial neural networks, adaptive cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Imagination, Memory, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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