A Survey of GPT-3 Family Large Language Models Including ChatGPT and GPT-4
Open accessAbstract
Large language models (LLMs) are a special class of pretrained language models (PLMs) obtained by scaling model size, pretraining corpus and computation. LLMs, because of their large size and pretraining on large volumes of text data, exhibit special abilities which allow them to achieve remarkable performances without any task-specific training in many of the natural language processing tasks. The era of LLMs started with OpenAI’s GPT-3 model, and the popularity of LLMs has increased exponentially after the introduction of models like ChatGPT and GPT4. We refer to GPT-3 and its successor OpenAI models, including ChatGPT and GPT4, as GPT-3 family large language models (GLLMs). With the ever-rising popularity of GLLMs, especially in the research community, there is a strong need for a comprehensive survey which summarizes the recent research progress in multiple dimensions and can guide the research community with insightful future research directions. We start the survey paper with foundation concepts like transformers, transfer learning, self-supervised learning, pretrained language models and large language models. We then present a brief overview of GLLMs and discuss the performances of GLLMs in various downstream tasks, specific domains and multiple languages. We also discuss the data labelling and data augmentation abilities of GLLMs, the robustness of GLLMs, the effectiveness of GLLMs as evaluators, and finally, conclude with multiple insightful future research directions. To summarize, this comprehensive survey paper will serve as a good resource for both academic and industry people to stay updated with the latest research related to GLLMs.
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LLMs such as OpenAI's ChatGPT are examples of generative models capable of producing human-like text.
“Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's chatGPT [Kalyan 2024], are examples of generative models capable of producing human-like text.”
From Generative-AI-based game asset creation: developing a system for supporting game production brainstorming (2025) · cites this paper as Kalyan 2024
TLMs are significantly smaller than LLMs, typically containing tens to hundreds of millions of parameters compared to billions in LLMs like GPT-3.
“TLMs are significantly smaller than LLMs, typically containing tens to hundreds of millions of parameters compared to billions in LLMs like GPT-3 [4].”
From Tiny Language Models for Automation and Control: Overview, Potential Applications, and Future Research Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
GPT-3, with 175 billion parameters, necessitates vast computing resources and is impractical to deploy directly on mobile devices, edge systems, or IoT platforms.
“For example, the popular GPT-3 model [4], with 175 billion parameters, necessitates vast computing resources and is impractical to deploy directly on mobile devices, edge systems, or IoT platforms [16].”
From Tiny Language Models for Automation and Control: Overview, Potential Applications, and Future Research Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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A Survey on Text Classification: From Traditional to Deep Learning
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MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and ActionPreprint
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Unified Pre-training for Program Understanding and Generation
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Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science
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LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Day
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Can Large Language Models Transform Computational Social Science?
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Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology
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Synthetic and Natural Noise Both Break Neural Machine TranslationPreprint
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Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code
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ChatGPT Goes to Law SchoolPreprint
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Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?
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Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Models
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Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems
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Holistic Evaluation of Language Models
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HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face
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FinGPT: Open-Source Financial Large Language Models
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Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models
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CodeT5+: Open Code Large Language Models for Code Understanding and Generation
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Neural Machine Translation: A Review
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A Survey on Data Augmentation for Text Classification
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GPTScore: Evaluate as You Desire
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Event Extraction by Answering (Almost) Natural Questions
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Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey
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Can ChatGPT forecast stock price movements? Return predictability and large language models
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LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding
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Self-Alignment Pretraining for Biomedical Entity Representations
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Large Language Model as Attributed Training Data Generator: A Tale of Diversity and BiasPreprint
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LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English
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Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models
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Crosslingual Generalization through Multitask Finetuning
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Large language models are few-shot clinical information extractors
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BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Finance
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BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generation
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FinBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Financial CommunicationsPreprint
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FinBERT: A Pre-trained Financial Language Representation Model for Financial Text Mining
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How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection
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Is ChatGPT A Good Translator? Yes With GPT-4 As The Engine
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SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language ModelsPreprint
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Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Chain of Utterances for Safety-AlignmentPreprint
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All That’s ‘Human’ Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Text
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All That's 'Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Text
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AMMU: A survey of transformer-based biomedical pretrained language models
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Automated Program Repair via Conversation: Fixing 162 out of 337 Bugs for $0.42 Each using ChatGPT
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Text Classification via Large Language Models
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A Survey on Model Compression for Large Language Models
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SpeechGPT: Empowering Large Language Models with Intrinsic Cross-Modal Conversational Abilities
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StarCoder: may the source be with you!
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FinQA: A Dataset of Numerical Reasoning over Financial Data
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Towards Out-Of-Distribution Generalization: A Survey
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CodeGen2: Lessons for Training LLMs on Programming and Natural LanguagesPreprint
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A Survey on In-context Learning
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BRIO: Bringing Order to Abstractive Summarization
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QuixBugs: a multi-lingual program repair benchmark set based on the quixey challenge
Lin, D., Koppel, J., Chen, A., & Solar-Lezama, A. (2017) · Proceedings Companion of the 2017 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Systems, Programming, Languages, and Applications: Software for Humanity · doi:10.1145/3135932.3135941 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Uncovering ChatGPT’s Capabilities in Recommender Systems
Dai, S., Shao, N., Zhao, H., Yu, W., Si, Z., Xu, C., Sun, Z., Zhang, X., & Xu, J. (2023) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/3604915.3610646 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
No More Manual Tests? Evaluating and Improving ChatGPT for Unit Test GenerationPreprint
Yuan, Z.-Q., Lou, Y., Liu, M.-W., Ding, S., Wang, K.-X., Chen, Y.-X., & Peng, X. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.04207 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
A Survey of Evaluation Metrics Used for NLG Systems
Sai, A. B., Mohankumar, A. K., & Khapra, M. M. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3485766 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Is chatGPT a good nlg evaluator? A preliminary study
Wang, J., Liang, Y., Meng, F., Sun, Z., Shi, H., Li, Z., Xu, J., Qu, J., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the 4th New Frontiers in Summarization Workshop · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.newsum-1.1 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Lai, V., Ngo, N., Pouran Ben Veyseh, A., Man, H., Dernoncourt, F., Bui, T., & Nguyen, T. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.878 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Prompting Large Language Models with Answer Heuristics for Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering
Shao, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, M., & Yu, J. (2023) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01438 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Cross-Domain Recommendation: Challenges, Progress, and Prospects
Zhu, F., Wang, Y., Chen, C., Zhou, J. W., Li, L., & Liu, G. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/639 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Li, B., Fang, G., Yang, Y., Wang, Q.-S., Ye, W., Zhao, W., & Zhang, S.-K. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.11633 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Hu, Y., Peng, X., Xie, Q., Jin, Q., Gilson, A., Singer, M. B., Ai, X., Lai, P.-T., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56989-2 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Dense Text Retrieval Based on Pretrained Language Models: A Survey
Zhao, W. X., Liu, J., Ren, R., & Wen, J.-R. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3637870 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Comparing Code Explanations Created by Students and Large Language Models
Leinonen, J., Denny, P., MacNeil, S., Sarsa, S., Bernstein, S., Kim, J., Tran, A., & Hellas, A. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 · doi:10.1145/3587102.3588785 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AI
Ahuja, K., Diddee, H., Hada, R., Ochieng, M., Ramesh, K., Jain, P., Nambi, A. U., Ganu, T., Segal, S., Ahmed, M., et al. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.258 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Want To Reduce Labeling Cost? GPT-3 Can Help
Wang, S., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Zhu, C., & Zeng, M. (2021) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.354 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Revisiting Relation Extraction in the era of Large Language Models
Wadhwa, S., Amir, S., & Wallace, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.868 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluation
Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y. J., Afify, M., & Awadalla, H. H. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.09210 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Large language models for code completion: A systematic literature review
Husein, R. A., Aburajouh, H., & Catal, C. (2025) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2024.103917 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pudasaini, S., Miralles-Pechuán, L., Lillis, D., & Llorens Salvador, M. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09576-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lamaakal, I., Maleh, Y., El Makkaoui, K., Ouahbi, I., Pławiak, P., Alfarraj, O., Almousa, M., & Abd El-Latif, A. A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25051318 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Galli, C., Gavrilova, A. V., & Calciolari, E. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16050378 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT by Speech-Language Pathologists and Students
Austin, J., Benas, K., Caicedo, S., Imiolek, E., Piekutowski, A., & Ghanim, I. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00218 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Generative AI in the Construction Industry: A State-of-the-art Analysis
Taiwo, R., Bello, I. T., Abdulai, S. F., Yussif, A.-M., Salami, B. A., Saka, A., & Zayed, T. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.09939 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cavalcanti, L. P. S. B., Bezerra, P. T. L., & Barros, G. A. B. (2025) · Anais Estendidos do XXIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital (SBGames 2025) · doi:10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2025.10149
- Authors
- Kalyan, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Public (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kalyan, Katikapalli Subramanyam
- Venue
- Natural Language Processing Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100048
- ISSN
- 2949-7191 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4389977189
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 495
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 105
- FWCI
- 31.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Natural Language Processing Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Keywords
- large language models, ChatGPT, GPT-4, pre-trained language models, transformer models, transfer learning, self-supervised learning, downstream tasks, multilingual performance, data annotation, data augmentation, robustness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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