Estrogen receptor β and oxytocin interact to modulate anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine stress reactivity in adult male and female rats
Open accessAbstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated in response to stressors and is controlled by neurons residing in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Although gonadal steroid hormones can influence HPA reactivity to stressors, the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. It is known, however, that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) inhibits HPA reactivity and decreases anxiety-like behavior in rodents. Since ERβ is co-expressed with oxytocin (OT) in neurons of the PVN, an ERβ-selective agonist was utilized to test the whether ERβ decreases stress-induced HPA reactivity and anxiety-like behaviors via an OTergic pathway. Adult gonadectomized male and female rats were administered diarylpropionitrile, or vehicle, peripherally for 5days. When tested for anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze (EPM), diarylpropionitrile-treated males and females significantly increased time on the open arm of the EPM compared to vehicle controls indicating that ERβ reduces anxiety-like behaviors. One week after behavioral evaluation, rats were subjected to a 20minute restraint stress. Treatment with diarylpropionitrile reduced CORT and ACTH responses in both males and females. Subsequently, another group of animals was implanted with cannulae directed at the lateral ventricle. One week later, rats underwent the same protocol as above but with the additional treatment of intracerebroventricular infusion with an OT antagonist (des Gly-NH2 d(CH2)5 [Tyr(Me)(2), Thr(4)] OVT) or VEH, 20min prior to behavioral evaluation. OT antagonist treatment blocked the effects of diarylpropionitrile on the display of anxiety-like behaviors and plasma CORT levels. These data indicate that ERβ and OT interact to modulate the HPA reactivity and the display of anxiety-like behaviors.
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Gonadal steroids can act in a synergistic manner to decrease HPA axis gain and anxiety-related behaviors.
“Gonadal steroids can act in a synergistic manner to decrease HPA axis gain and anxiety-related behaviors (Kudwa, McGivern, & Handa, 2014; McCarthy, McDonald, Brooks, & Goldman, 1996)”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Kudwa, McGivern, & Handa, 2014
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that activating estrogen receptor β reduced anxiety-like behavior and stress-induced HPA hormone responses in gonadectomized rats. The Introduction (page unavailable) describes an interaction with an oxytocin pathway, but oxytocin is not a gonadal steroid; the paper does not establish that gonadal steroids act synergistically to produce these effects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA subpopulation of parvocellular PVN OT and AVP neurons, along with ERβ and coordinating input from the BnST, is thought to be involved in the stress response, supporting the possibility that EDCs may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
“Finally, a subpopulation of parvocellular PVN OT and AVP neurons, along with ERβ and coordinating input from the BnST, is thought to be involved in the stress response (135, 139, 140) supporting the possibility that EDCs may influence the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.”
From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredERβ in the PVN and associated structures, including the BnST, plays a fundamental role in mediating motivational and anxiety-related behaviors.
“Although the functional role of limbic ERβ remains ambiguous, ERβ in the PVN and associated structures, including the BnST, plays a fundamental role in mediating motivational and anxiety-related behaviors (134–136).”
From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
The Introduction and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) support a role for ERβ in anxiety-like behavior and identify ERβ in the PVN. But the Discussion says the site of ERβ’s action on anxiety is unknown and names the BnST only as a possible site. The copy does not establish a fundamental role for PVN and BnST ERβ in motivational behavior. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Kudwa, A. E., McGivern, R. F., & Handa, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of Arizona College of Medicine- Phoenix (US)
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 129
- Pages
- 287-296
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5802969
- OpenAlex
- W2079429876
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (R01-NS039951)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- estrogen receptor beta, oxytocin, anxiety-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress reactivity, paraventricular nucleus, diarylpropionitrile, corticosterone, ACTH, oxytocin antagonist, sex differences, sex steroids
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Anxiety, Central Nervous System Agents, Corticosterone, Depressive Disorder, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Male, Nitriles, Ornipressin, Oxytocin, Propionates, Restraint, Physical, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Maze Learning, Estrogen Receptor beta
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