Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and gradually shifted sleep: can we reduce morning bright-light duration?

Crowley, Stephanie J.; Eastman, Charmane I.

doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.004

Cited by 99Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and related disorders

Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and gradually shifted sleep: can we reduce morning bright-light duration?

Open access

Crowley, Stephanie J., Eastman, Charmane I.·2015·Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.004PMC PMC4344919

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective Efficient treatments to phase-advance human circadian rhythms are needed to attenuate circadian misalignment and the associated negative health outcomes that accompany early-morning shift work, early school start times, jet lag, and delayed sleep phase disorder. This study compared three morning bright-light exposure patterns from a single light box (to mimic home treatment) in combination with afternoon melatonin. Methods Fifty adults (27 males) aged 25.9 ± 5.1 years participated. Sleep/dark was advanced 1 h/day for three treatment days. Participants took 0.5 mg of melatonin 5 h before the baseline bedtime on treatment day 1, and an hour earlier each treatment day. They were exposed to one of three bright-light (~5000 lux) patterns upon waking each morning: four 30-min exposures separated by 30 min of room light (2-h group), four 15-min exposures separated by 45 min of room light (1-h group), and one 30-min exposure (0.5-h group). Dim-light melatonin onsets (DLMOs) before and after treatment determined the phase advance. Results Compared to the 2-h group (phase shift = 2.4 ± 0.8 h), smaller phase-advance shifts were seen in the 1-h (1.7 ± 0.7 h) and 0.5-h (1.8 ± 0.8 h) groups. The 2-h pattern produced the largest phase advance; however, the single 30-min bright-light exposure was as effective as 1 h of bright light spread over 3.25 h, and it produced 75% of the phase shift observed with 2 h of bright light. Conclusions A 30-min morning bright-light exposure with afternoon melatonin is an efficient treatment to phase-advance human circadian rhythms.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.004

Cites

99 of 99 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Preliminary studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the DMN prior to sleep onset reduce cortical hyperarousal and facilitate sleep, but clinical efficacy for insomnia has not been established.
“Preliminary studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the DMN prior to sleep onset to reduce cortical hyperarousal and facilitate sleep, but clinical efficacy for insomnia has not been established [40].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Methods (Participants; Procedures) and Discussion describe a study of morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and shifted sleep in healthy adults. Searches for transcranial magnetic stimulation, DMN targeting, cortical hyperarousal, and insomnia efficacy found no passage addressing the attributed claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · see citing works
A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Johns, M. W. (1991) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 · Cited by 17,364 · see citing works
A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness- eveningness in human circadian rhythms
Home, J. K. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,783 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1976) · PubMed · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C. (1973) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 · Cited by 2,351 · see citing works
Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A., Duffy, J. F., Shanahan, T. L., Brown, E. N., Mitchell, J. F., Rimmer, D. W., Ronda, J. M., Silva, E. J., Allan, J. S., Emens, J. S., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2177 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
Health disorders of shift workers
Knutsson, A. (2003) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg048 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
A Phase Response Curve to Single Bright Light Pulses in Human Subjects
Khalsa, S. B. S., Jewett, M. E., Cajochen, C., & Czeisler, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040477 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
Bright Light Induction of Strong (Type 0) Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A., Kronauer, R. E., Allan, J. S., Duffy, J. F., Jewett, M. E., Brown, E. N., & Ronda, J. M. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2734611 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Adverse Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption
Buxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W., Czeisler, C. A., & Shea, S. A. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Shift Work Sleep Disorder: Prevalence and Consequences Beyond that of Symptomatic Day Workers
Drake, C. L., Roehrs, T., Richardson, G., Walsh, J. K., & Roth, T. (2004) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.8.1453 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders
Sack, R. L., Auckley, D., Auger, R. R., Carskadon, M. A., Wright, K. P., Vitiello, M. V., & Zhdanova, I. V. (2007) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1460 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
A human phase-response curve to light
Minors, D. S., Waterhouse, J. M., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90051-t · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Sleep loss and fatigue in shift work and shift work disorder
Åkerstedt, T., & Wright, K. P. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.03.001 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Practice Parameters for the Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Morgenthaler, T. I., Lee-Chiong, T., Alessi, C., Friedman, L., Aurora, R. N., Boehlecke, B., Brown, T., Chesson, A. L., Kapur, V., Maganti, R., et al. (2007) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Exposure to Bright Light and Darkness to Treat Physiologic Maladaptation to Night Work
Czeisler, C. A., Johnson, M. P., Duffy, J. F., Brown, E. N., Ronda, J. M., & Kronauer, R. E. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199005033221801 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatoninconcentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, andperformance.
Dollins, A. B., Zhdanova, I. V., Wurtman, R. J., Lynch, H. J., & Deng, M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1824 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
The circadian system of man—Results of experiments under temporal isolation
(1980) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0300-9629(80)80040-5 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk
Blask, D. E. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.007 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD)
Wright, K. P., Bogan, R. K., & Wyatt, J. K. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.02.002 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice
Davidson, A. J., Sellix, M. T., Daniel, J., Yamazaki, S., Menaker, M., & Block, G. D. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.058 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
The Human Phase Response Curve (Prc) to Melatonin is About 12 Hours out of Phase with the Prc to Light
Lewy, A. J., Bauer, V. K., Ahmed, S., Thomas, K. H., Cutler, N. L., Singer, C. M., Moffit, M. T., & Sack, R. L. (1998) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529808998671 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Night Shift Work and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Viswanathan, A. N., Hankinson, S. E., & Schernhammer, E. S. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2485 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Sensitivity and integration in a visual pathway for circadian entrainment in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
Nelson, D. E., & Takahashi, J. S. (1991) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018660 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Bioavailability of Oral Melatonin in Humans
Waldhauser, F., Waldhauser, M., Lieberman, H. R., Deng, M., Lynch, H. J., & Wurtman, R. J. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123997 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Human responses to bright light of different durations
Chang, A., Santhi, N., St Hilaire, M., Gronfier, C., Bradstreet, D. S., Duffy, J. F., Lockley, S. W., Kronauer, R. E., & Czeisler, C. A. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226555 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light
Hilaire, M. A. S., Gooley, J. J., Khalsa, S. B. S., Kronauer, R. E., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.227892 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Stability of Melatonin and Temperature as Circadian Phase Markers and Their Relation to Sleep Times in Humans
Benloucif, S., Guico, M. J., Reid, K. J., Wolfe, L. F., L’Hermite‐Balériaux, M., & Zee, P. C. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730404273983 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Combinations of bright light, scheduled dark, sunglasses, and melatonin to facilitate circadian entrainment to night shift work
Crowley, S. J., Lee, C., Tseng, C. Y., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403258422 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland)
Rafnsson, V., Tulinius, H., Jonasson, J. G., & Hrafnkelsson, J. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008983416836 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Human Phase Response Curves to Three Days of Daily Melatonin: 0.5 mg <i>Versus</i> 3.0 mg
Burgess, H. J., Revell, V. L., Molina, T. A., & Eastman, C. I. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2590 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of a single sequence of intermittent bright light pulses for delaying circadian phase in humans
Gronfier, C., Wright, K. P., Kronauer, R. E., Jewett, M. E., & Czeisler, C. A. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00385.2003 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Circadian Adaptation to Night-Shift Work by Judicious Light and Darkness Exposure
Boivin, D. B., & James, F. O. (2002) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402238238 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Advancing Human Circadian Rhythms with Afternoon Melatonin and Morning Intermittent Bright Light
Revell, V. L., Burgess, H. J., Gazda, C. J., Smith, M. R., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1009 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citation
A three pulse phase response curve to three milligrams of melatonin in humans
Burgess, H. J., Revell, V. L., & Eastman, C. I. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143180 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep-Facilitating Effect of Exogenous Melatonin in Healthy Young Men and Women Is Circadian-Phase Dependent
Wyatt, J. K., Dijk, D., Cecco, A. R.-D., Ronda, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.5.609 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The effects of chronic, small doses of melatonin given in the late afternoon on fatigue in man: A preliminary study
Arendt, J., Borbély, A. A., Franey, C. S., & Wright, J. (1984) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90245-3 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Shift work: health, performance and safety problems, traditional countermeasures, and innovative management strategies to reduce circadian misalignment
Eastman, C. I., & Smith (2012) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s10372 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citation
Improving Adaptation to Simulated Night Shift: Timed Exposure to Bright Light Versus Daytime Melatonin Administration
Dawson, D. E., Encel, N., & Lushington, K. (1995) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/18.1.11 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Human phase response curve to a single 6.5 h pulse of short‐wavelength light
Rüger, M., Hilaire, M. A. S., Brainard, G. C., Khalsa, S. B. S., Kronauer, R. E., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.239046 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in simulated shift work
Hampton, S. M., Morgan, L. M., Lawrence, N., Anastasiadou, T., Norris, F., Deacon, S., Ribeiro, D., & Arendt, J. (1996) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1510259 · Cited by 155 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In laboratory studies that experimentally imposed severe acute circadian misalignment, healthy participants showed adverse metabolic responses that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [1, 8, 9].”
Background
Jet Lag: Clinical Features, Validation of a New Syndrome-Specific Scale, and Lack of Response to Melatonin in a Randomized, Double-Blind Trial
Spitzer, R. L., Terman, M., Williams, J. B. W., Terman, J. S., Malt, U. F., Singer, F., & Lewy, A. J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1392 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Travel:3 Days of Advancing Sleep with and without Morning Bright Light
Burgess, H. J., Crowley, S. J., Gazda, C. J., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403253585 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citation
How to Trick Mother Nature into Letting You Fly Around or Stay Up All Night
Revell, V. L., & Eastman, C. I. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730405277233 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Managing jet lag: Some of the problems and possible new solutions
Arendt, J. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.011 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Dynamic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker by intermittent bright light
Rimmer, D. W., Boivin, D. B., Shanahan, T. L., Kronauer, R. E., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.5.r1574 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Treatment of Early-Morning Awakening Insomnia With 2 Evenings of Bright Light
Lack, L. C., Wright, H., Kemp, K., & Gibbon, S. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.5.616 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter body temperature and suppress melatonin in humans
Murphy, P., Myers, B. L., & Badia, P. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02036-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
How to Travel the World Without Jet Lag
Eastman, C. I., & Burgess, H. J. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.02.006 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of bright light and sleep/darkness scheduling in alleviating circadian maladaptation to night work
Horowitz, T. S., Cade, B. E., Wolfe, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.e384 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Advancing Circadian Rhythms Before Eastward Flight: A Strategy to Prevent or Reduce Jet Lag
Eastman, C. I., Gazda, C. J., Burgess, H. J., Crowley, S. J., & Fogg, L. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.33 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Risk of Breast Cancer After Night- and Shift Work: Current Evidence and Ongoing Studies in Denmark
Hansen, J. (2006) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-005-9006-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Daytime melatonin administration enhances sleepiness and theta/alpha activity in the waking EEG
Cajochen, C., Kräuchi, K., von Arx, M.-A., Möri, D., Graw, P., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1996) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12517-9 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Circadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and men
Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J. A., Youngstedt, S. D., & Rex, K. M. (2007) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1186/1740-3391-5-4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cancer incidence in California flight attendants (United States)
Reynolds, P., Cone, J. E., Layefsky, M. E., Goldberg, D. E., & Hurley, S. E. (2002) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1015284014563 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Practical Interventions to Promote Circadian Adaptation to Permanent Night Shift Work: Study 4
Smith, M. R., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2009) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730409332068 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phase advancing the human circadian clock with blue-enriched polychromatic light
Smith, M. R., Revell, V. L., & Eastman, C. I. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.05.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period
Smith, M. R., Burgess, H. J., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006014 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Light-Induced Changes of the Circadian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More Effective than Increasing Light Intensity
Dewan, K., Benloucif, S., Reid, K. J., Wolfe, L. F., & Zee, P. C. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.593 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Intermittent bright light and exercise to entrain human circadian rhythms to night work
Baehr, E. K., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.r1598 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phase and Period Responses of the Circadian System of Mice (Mus musculus) to Light Stimuli of Different Duration
Comas, M., Beersma, D. G. M., Spoelstra, K., & Daan, S. (2006) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730406292446 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A Compromise Circadian Phase Position for Permanent Night Work Improves Mood, Fatigue, and Performance
Smith, M. R., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.11.1481 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Combination of Light and Melatonin Time Cues for Phase Advancing the Human Circadian Clock
Burke, T. M., Markwald, R. R., Chinoy, E. D., Snider, J. A., Bessman, S. C., Jung, C. M., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3110 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Winter seasonal affective disorder: a follow-up study of the first 59 patients of the National Institute of Mental Health Seasonal Studies Program
Schwartz, P. J., Brown, C., Wehr, T. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.8.1028 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A Compromise Phase Position for Permanent Night Shift Workers: Circadian Phase after Two Night Shifts with Scheduled Sleep and Light/Dark Exposure
Lee, C., Smith, M. R., & Eastman, C. I. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520600827160 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol
Vranić, M., Riddell, M. C., Campbell, J. E., Kiràly, M. A., Atkinson, D. J., & D'souza, A. M. (2010) · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Photic Resetting in Night-Shift Work: Impact on Nurses' Sleep
Boivin, D. B., Boudreau, P., James, F. O., & Kin, N. M. K. N. Y. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.675257 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Daytime naps in darkness phase shift the human circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin secretion
Buxton, O. M., L’Hermite‐Balériaux, M., Turek, F. W., & Cauter, E. V. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r373 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Response of the Human Circadian System to Millisecond Flashes of Light
Zeitzer, J. M., Ruby, N. F., Fisicaro, R. A., & Heller, H. C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022078 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm Adaptation to Simulated Night Shift Work: Effect of Nocturnal Bright-Light Duration
Eastman, C. I., Liu, L., & Fogg, L. (1995) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/18.6.399 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Blacks (African Americans) Have Shorter Free-Running Circadian Periods Than Whites (Caucasian Americans)
Eastman, C. I., Molina, T. A., Dziepak, M. E., & Smith, M. R. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.700670 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Health consequences of shift work
Andrzejczak, D., Kapała-Kempa, M., & Zawilska, J. B. (1979) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(79)90255-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
High-intensity light for circadian adaptation to a 12-h shift of the sleep schedule
Eastman, C. I. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.2.r428 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Impact of Sleep Timing and Bright Light Exposure on Attentional Impairment during Night Work
Santhi, N., Aeschbach, D., Horowitz, T. S., & Czeisler, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730408319863 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Medium-intensity Light Produces Circadian Rhythm Adaptation to Simulated Night-shift Work
Martin, S. K., & Eastman, C. I. (1998) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/21.2.154 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Home Lighting Before Usual Bedtime Impacts Circadian Timing: A Field Study
Burgess, H. J., & Molina, T. A. (2014) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12241 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bright Light Exposure at Night and Light Attenuation in the Morning Improve Adaptation of Night Shift Workers
Yoon, I.-Y., Jeong, D. U., Kwon, K., Kang, S. B., & Song, B. G. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.3.351 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effects of an advanced sleep schedule and morning short wavelength light exposure on circadian phase in young adults with late sleep schedules
Sharkey, K. M., Carskadon, M. A., Figueiro, M. G., Zhu, Y., & Rea, M. S. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.01.016 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Conflicting Bright Light Exposure during Night Shifts Impedes Circadian Adaptation
Mitchell, P. J., Hoese, E. K., Liu, L., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200103 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human phase response curve to intermittent blue light using a commercially available device
Revell, V. L., Molina, T. A., & Eastman, C. I. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.235416 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Acute Soporific Action of Daytime Melatonin Administration: Effects on the EEG during Wakefulness and Subjective Alertness
Cajochen, C., Kräuchi, K., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200619 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Scheduling of sleep/darkness affects the circadian phase of night shift workers
Santhi, N., Duffy, J. F., Horowitz, T. S., & Czeisler, C. A. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.094 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Phase advance with separate and combined melatonin and light treatment
Paul, M. A., Gray, G. W., Lieberman, H. R., Love, R. J., Miller, J. C., Trouborst, M., & Arendt, J. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2059-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Millisecond Flashes of Light Phase Delay the Human Circadian Clock during Sleep
Zeitzer, J. M., Fisicaro, R. A., Ruby, N. F., & Heller, H. C. (2014) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730414546532 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Night Shift Performance is Improved by a Compromise Circadian Phase Position: Study 3. Circadian Phase after 7 Night Shifts with an Intervening Weekend Off
Smith, M. R., & Eastman, C. I. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.12.1639 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Shift Work and Cancer
Erren, T. C., Falaturi, P., Morfeld, P., Knauth, P., Reiter, R. J., & Piekarski, C. (2010) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0657 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Shaping the light/dark pattern for circadian adaptation to night shift work
Smith, M. R., Cullnan, E. E., & Eastman, C. I. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Therapy in Sleep Medicine
(2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-40426-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Winter Depression Recurrence One Year After Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Light Therapy, or Combination Treatment
Rohan, K. J., Roecklein, K. A., Lacy, T. J., & Vacek, P. M. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.06.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Human Tau in an Ultradian Light-Dark Cycle
Burgess, H. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2008) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730408318592 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Melatonin in the afternoons of a gradually advancing sleep schedule enhances the circadian rhythm phase advance
Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2869-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder
Michalak, E. E., Murray, G., Wilkinson, C., Dowrick, C. F., & Lam, R. W. M. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Mathematical Model of the Circadian Phase-Shifting Effects of Exogenous Melatonin
Breslow, E., Phillips, A. J. K., Huang, J., Hilaire, M. A. S., & Klerman, E. B. (2013) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730412468081 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Progression of Circadian Phase during Light Exposure in Animals and Humans
Beersma, D. G. M., Comas, M., Hut, R. A., Gordijn, M. C. M., Rueger, M., & Daan, S. (2009) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730408330196 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jet Lag and Its Prevention
Revell, V. L., & Eastman, C. I. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1703-7.10030-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
How to Get a Bigger Dose of Bright Light
Eastman, C. I. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.559 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Scheduling of sleep/darkness affects the circadian phase of night shift workers (vol 384, pg 316, 2005)
Santhi, N., Duffy, J. P., Horowitz, T., & Czeisler, C. A. (2005) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Therapy in Sleep Medicine
Barkoukis, T. J. (2011) · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 101 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption
Touitou, Y., Reinberg, A., & Touitou, D. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.008 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Human circadian phase–response curves for exercise
Youngstedt, S. D., Elliott, J. A., & Kripke, D. F. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp276943 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Other studies have revealed additive effects of bright light and melatonin (Burke et al., 2013; Revell et al., 2006; Crowley & Eastman, 2015).”
Background
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor Conditions
Min, J., Kim, Y., Lee, S.-J., Jang, T. W., Kim, I., & Song, J. (2019) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.09.005 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: a systematic review
Lewis, P., Korf, H., Kuffer, L., Groß, J. V., & Erren, T. C. (2018) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000443 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms
Ong, J. L., Lau, T., Massar, S. A. A., Chong, Z. T., Ng, B. K. L., Koek, D., Zhao, W., Yeo, B. T. T., Cheong, K., & Chee, M. W. L. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa179 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Additionally, exercise outdoors positively influences mental well-being [18] and morning light exposure serves to synchronize the circadian clock [19], restraining our innate tendency to sleep later over successive nights.”
Background
Resetting the late timing of ‘night owls’ has a positive impact on mental health and performance
Facer‐Childs, E. R., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., & Bagshaw, A. P. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Abbott, S. M., Reid, K. J., & Zee, P. C. (2015) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.012 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders
Sun, S., & Chen, G. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210907122933 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“8 hours for the 30-minutes and 1-hour groups, respectively) [39].”
Jet Lag and Shift Work Disorder
Reid, K. J., & Abbott, S. M. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.08.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Circadian Phase-Shifting Effects of Bright Light, Exercise, and Bright Light + Exercise
Moore, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.5334/jcr.137 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Potential circadian and circannual rhythm contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children
Moreno, J. P., Crowley, S. J., Alfano, C. A., Hannay, K. M., Thompson, D. I., & Baranowski, T. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0784-7 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“school) and free days, optimal duration of sleep, limiting exposure to artificial light in the evenings [115], encouraging light exposure during the day, particularly in the morning [116], encouraging physical activity (to enhance evening fatigue) [99, 100, 117, 118], promoting an overnight fast by limiting food intak…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Short blue light pulses (30 min) in the morning support a sleep-advancing protocol in a home setting
Geerdink, M., Walbeek, T. J., Beersma, D. G. M., Hommes, V., & Gordijn, M. C. M. (2016) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730416657462 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Recent studies have found that optimally timed short pulses (30 min) of blue light during the morning are effective in phase advancing the phase of melatonin (Geerdink et al., 2012; Crowley and Eastman, 2014).”
Background
Eveningness and poor sleep quality independently contribute to self-reported depression severity in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorder
Müller, M. J., Kundermann, B., & Cabanel, N. (2015) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1112832 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“phase advancing therapies, could be successful also in changing chronotypes (45).”
Background
Approaches to the Pharmacological Management of Jet Lag
Arendt, J. (2018) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Musicians’ Natural Frequencies of Performance Display Optimal Temporal Stability
Zamm, A., Wang, Y., & Palmėr, C. (2018) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730418783651 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effects of dynamic daylight-like light on the rhythm, cognition, and mood of irregular shift workers in closed environment
Nie, J., Zhou, T., Chen, Z., Dang, W., Jiao, F., Zhan, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Pan, Z., Kang, X., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92438-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A narrative review of interventions for improving sleep and reducing circadian disruption in medical inpatients
Tan, X. W., van Egmond, L. T., Partinen, M., Lange, T., & Benedict, C. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.08.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Circadian and Circannual Regulation in the Horse: Internal Timing in an Elite Athlete
Murphy, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.026 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Working Time Society consensus statements: Evidence based interventions using light to improve circadian adaptation to working hours
Löwden, A., Öztürk, G., Reynolds, A. C., & Bjorvatn, B. (2019) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.sw-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Association between circadian disruption and diseases: A narrative review
Hou, Y., Liu, L.-M., Chen, X., Li, Q., & Li, J. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118512 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Delayed sleep in winter related to natural daylight exposure among Arctic day workers
Lowden, A., Lemos, N. A. M., Gonçalves, B. S. B., Öztürk, G., Louzada, F., Pedrazzoli, M., & Moreno, C. R. (2018) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1010010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For example, Crowley has, in experimental settings, shown that 30 min of artificial bright light during early morning promoted 75% of a phase advance shift as compared to 2 h bright light exposure later [24].”
Background
Circadian Phase Advances in Response to Weekend Morning Light in Adolescents With Short Sleep and Late Bedtimes on School Nights
Misiunaite, I., Eastman, C. I., & Crowley, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00099 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Past studies have successfully used morning bright light to advance circadian rhythms in adults (Rimmer et al., 2000; Burgess et al., 2003; Eastman et al., 2005; Revell et al., 2006; Paul et al., 2009; Smith et al., 2009; Burke et al., 2013; Crowley and Eastman, 2015), though the duration of light exposure, the number…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Multi-etiological Perspective on Child Obesity Prevention
Baranowski, T., Motil, K. J., & Moreno, J. P. (2019) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-019-0256-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Patterns of self-reported depressive symptoms in relation to morningness-eveningness in inpatients with a depressive disorder
Müller, M. J., Olschinski, C., Kundermann, B., & Cabanel, N. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Practice recommendations for the role of physiotherapy in the management of sleep disorders: the 2022 Brazilian Sleep Association Guidelines
Frange, C., Franco, A. M., Brasil, E. L., Hirata, R. P., Lino, J. A., Mortari, D. M., Ykeda, D. S., Leocádio-Miguel, M. A., D’Aurea, C. V. R., Silva, L. O. E., et al. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220083 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lighting scheme recommendation for interior workplace to adjust the phase-advance jet lag
Hou, D., He, S., Dai, C., Chen, S., Chen, H., & Lin, Y. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107913 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of morning and evening exposures to blue light of varying illuminance on ocular growth rates and ocular rhythms in chicks
Nickla, D. L., Rucker, F. J., Taylor, C. P., Sarfare, S. S., Chen, W. C., Elin-Calcador, J., & Wang, X. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.108963 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Shift in Food Intake and Changes in Metabolic Regulation and Gene Expression during Simulated Night-Shift Work: A Rat Model
Marti, A. R., Meerlo, P., Grønli, J., van Hasselt, S. J., Mrdalj, J., Pallesen, S., Pedersen, T., Henriksen, T. E. G., & Skrede, S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110712 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Light Therapy With Scheduled Rise Times in Young Adults With Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder: Therapeutic Outcomes and Possible Predictors
Danielsson, K., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Broman, J., & Markström, A. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1210150 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Furthermore, 30 min of morning bright light together with exogenous melatonin in the evening has recently been suggested as an effective and feasible duration to use in the clinic (Crowley & Eastman, 2015).”
Background
The implications of sleep disruption for cognitive and affective processing in methamphetamine abuse
Lipinska, G., Timol, R., & Thomas, K. G. F. (2015) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Light exposure via a head‐mounted device suppresses melatonin and improves vigilant attention without affecting cortisol and comfort
Schmidt, C., Xhrouet, M., Hamacher, M., Delloye, E., Legoff, C., Cavalier, E., Collette, F., & Vandewalle, G. (2018) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.215 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Impact of advance light exposure on assembly-line workers’ subjective work alertness and sleep quality
He, S., & Yan, Y. (2022) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535221078763 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shift Work, Shift-Work Disorder, and Jet Lag
Drake, C. L., & Wright, K. P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00075-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of morning, evening, and night light intensities and nocturnal sleep quality in a working population
Amdisen, L., Daugaard, S., Vestergaard, J. M., Vested, A., Bonde, J. P., Vistisen, H. T., Christoffersen, J., Garde, A. H., Hansen, Å. M., Markvart, J., et al. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.2010741 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These light parameters were selected as compromises of the 30 minutes to 2 hours in the morning (Corbett et al. 2012; Crowley and Eastman 2015; Geerdink et al. 2016) and 2–4 hours in the evening (Byun et al. 2018; Cajochen et al. 1998; Chang et al. 2015; Green et al. 2017, 2018; Munch et al. 2011;…”
Background
The impact of training shifts in dancers’ chronotype and sleep patterns
Coirolo, N., Silva, A., & Tassino, B. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clock-Sleep Communication
Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Paul, S., Saravanan, K. M., Pandian, G. N., & Chidambaram, S. B. (2024) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/0115665240305615240630113434 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of sunlight in sleep regulation: analysis of morning, evening and late exposure
de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Sabião, T. D. S., Carraro, J. C. C., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & Meireles, A. L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24618-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“On the contrary, insufficient exposure to natural light can delay this mid-point, leading to misalignment between biological and social time, often resulting in chronic sleep deficits [7–9].”
Circadian acclimatization of performance, sleep, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin using multiple phase shifting stimuli
Youngstedt, S. D., Elliott, J. A., Patel, S. I., Mak, N. Z.-C., Raiewski, E. E., Malek, E. M., Strong, M. J., Mun, C. J., Peters, T. J., Madlol, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.964681 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Research has shown additive effects of bright light combined with melatonin (45, 46) or exercise (37, 38).”
Background
Effects of Morning or Evening Narrow‐band Blue Light on the Compensation to Lens‐induced Hyperopic Defocus in Chicks
Nickla, D. L., Wang, X., Rucker, F. J., Chen, W. C., & Taylor, C. P. (2022) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001967 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Morning 200 lux 1086 (84) 636 (50)* 379 (24) 428 (40) −6 (8) 2 (9)”
Current Considerations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders in Children
Witt, R. M., Byars, K. C., Decker, K. M., Dye, T. J., Riley, J. M., Simmons, D. M., & Smith, D. F. (2023) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2023.101091 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jet Lag Recovery and Memory Functions Are Correlated with Direct Light Effects on Locomotion
Richardson, M. E. S., Parkins, S., Kaneza, I., & Dauphin, A.-C. (2020) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730420947589 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Evaluating the role of both masking and phase shifting in jet lag recovery will likely strengthen current jet lag therapies (Arendt, 2018; Crowley and Eastman, 2015; Gooley, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Does sunlight exposure predict next-night sleep? A daily diary study among U.S. adults
Anderson, A. R., Ostermiller, L., Lastrapes, M., & Hales, L. S. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241262643 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…that the degree of morning light, even in indoor settings, was predictive of sleep quality and that artificial bright light in the morning has previously been used to adjust circadian rhythms experimentally (Crowley and Eastman, 2015; Du¨zgu¨n and Durmaz Akyol, 2017; Gradisar et al., 2011).”
Sleep and cognitive performance of African-Americans and European-Americans before and during circadian misalignment produced by an abrupt 9-h delay in the sleep/wake schedule
Paech, G. M., Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186843 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impact of a single, short morning bright light exposure on tryptophan pathways and visuo- and sensorimotor performance: a crossover study
Schobersberger, W., Blank, C., Hanser, F., Griesmacher, A., Canazei, M., & Leichtfried, V. (2018) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-018-0173-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Advancement of the circadian phase via morning bright light (BL), in combination with afternoon melatonin uptake, recently proved successful [17].”
Background
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Bothwell, M. Y., & Abbott, S. M. (2022) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_14 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A causal and replication analysis of claims that jet lag affects team sport performance
Tenan, M. S., Rezai, A. R., & Vigotsky, A. D. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf120 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Who Needs Bright Light and When? Mapping the Interactions of Lighting Environments and Individual Differences in Circadian Light Sensitivity
Stone, J. E., Steven, D., Cheng, W., Cain, S. W., & Phillips, A. J. K. (2025) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304251391268 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“We chose 1500 lux as representative average light input to the retina for an individual using bright light therapy of the kind used in interventions that showed phase-advancing effects (Crowley and Eastman, 2015; Gooley, 2008; Lack et al., 2007; Rosenthal et al., 1990).”
Spatiotemporal light exposure modeling for environmental circadian misalignment and solar jetlag
VoPham, T., Ton, M., & Weaver, M. D. (2024) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000301 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“19,20 Using equations from Astronomical Algorithms by Meeus, 21,22 (4) sun-rise time (in units of hours, minutes, and seconds) is calculated at the target point and at the point location at the eastern-most boundary of the time zone in which the target point is located (holding latitude constant).”
Method
The interplay between circadian rhythms and aging: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Dhaka, P., Neha, N., Kumar, R., Hossain, C. M., & Parvez, S. (2025) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10301-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, greater overnight awakenings are typical among older persons (Crowley and Eastman 2015).”
CBT-I for patients with phase disorders or insomnia with circadian misalignment
Evans, M. A., & Hasler, B. P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822872-2.00004-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chronobiology in the wild: toolkit to study daily rhythms in free-living animals
Silvério, J. T., & Tachinardi, P. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200020 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fetal programming of adipose tissue function by gestational chronodisruption
Halabí, D., Ehrenfeld, P., Méndez, N., Hans, G. H. R., & Torres‐Farfan, C. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200014 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Relationship between Circadian Phase Delay without Morning Light and Phase Advance by Bright Light Exposure the Following Morning
Ohashi, M., Eto, T., Takasu, T., Motomura, Y., & Higuchi, S. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5040041 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In that case, it would be even more important to strengthen the circadian phase advance effect and to balance against the inﬂuence of night light [34–36].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Study Protocol for a Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial
Yuan, L. S., & Jiao, Y. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Trials · doi:10.4172/2167-0870.1000271 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, especially the sleep-waking cycle [23].”
Background
Electrocortical temporal complexity during wakefulness and sleep: an updated account
González, J., Cavelli, M., Mondino, A., Pascovich, C., Castro‐Zaballa, S., Rubido, N., & Torterolo, P. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sleep and maternal behavior in the postpartum rat after haloperidol and midazolam treatments
Peña, F., Rivas, M., González, J., Schwarzkopf, N., Torterolo, P., Ferreira, A., & Benedetto, L. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social modulation on daily variability in electric behavior
Gascue, V., da Silva, A. C. R., & Migliaro, A. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Classical conditioning for preserving the effects of short melatonin treatment in children with delayed sleep: a pilot study
van Maanen, A., Meijer, A. M., Smits, M. G., & Oort, F. J. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s129203 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In addition, it would be advisable to add bright light in the morning in order to try to enlarge treatment effects.(20,42,43)”
Gradual Advance of Sleep-Wake Schedules Before an Eastward Flight and Phase Adjustment After Flight in Elite Cross-Country Mountain Bikers: Effects on Sleep and Performance
Garbellotto, L., Petit, E., Brunet, E., Guirronnet, S., Clolus, Y., Gillet, V., Bourdin, H., & Mougin, F. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“More recently, Crowley and Eastman (12,13) also reported that a similar advance of sleep-wake cycle induced a shift of DLMO either by 1.”
BackgroundInfluential
Le syndrome de retard de phase : une expérience personnelle de prise en charge associant lumière et mélatonine
Chaufton, C., & Bioulac, S. (2015) · Médecine du Sommeil · doi:10.1016/j.msom.2015.07.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Clinical Implications of the Timed Autonomic Nervous System
Cardinali, D. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57571-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Light and Melatonin Treatment for Jet Lag Disorder
Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00285-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pre-sleep arousal as a possible mechanism driving sleep problems in relation to ADHD traits
Smullen, D., Kolodny, T., Bagshaw, A. P., & Mevorach, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09866-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, bright light exposure at night, such as from a phone or television, can delay circadian phase 58 whilst bright light exposure in the morning can advance it 59 .”
Effects of ketamine on sleep and circadian rhythmicity in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Boesjes, R., Oosterveld, C., Kamphuis, J., Schoevers, R. A., Meerlo, P., & van Dalfsen, J. H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121915 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Could targeting the gut microbiome provide a novel treatment option for intermittent claudication
Park, J. M., Beckman, I., & Delaney, C. L. (2026) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2026.2673710 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Bright light therapy in the morning is another promising option to realign CR 65 .”
Twenty-First Century: The 24/7 Society as an Environmental Mutation
Cardinali, D. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41679-3_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
XV Latin-American Symposium on Chronobiology
Silva, A., & Torterolo, P. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Non-24-Hour Sleep–Wake Disorder and Tasimelteon: A Review for Practitioners Who Work With Blind People
Yuhas, P. T. (2022) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x211072521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stories from a life studying circadian rhythms and sleep
Eastman, C. I. (2023) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“She worked on studies from the JET grant [65, 66] and the PAT grant [59–61] while starting her own research program on adolescents.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Low-cost, open-source device for simultaneously subjecting rodents to different circadian cycles of light, food, and temperature
Farré, R., Rodríguez-Lázaro, M. A., Otero, J., Gavara, N., Sunyer, R., Farré, N., Gozal, D., & Almendros, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1356787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This illumination option is of particular interest in investigating the speci ﬁ c dynamics of adaptation to the circadian light cycle (Crowley and Eastman, 2015).”
Background
Morning light exposure: a potential modifier of cardiovascular risk factor
Cardoso, V. M., Gusmão, W. D. P., & Moreno, C. R. D. C. (2025) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111654 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chronotype and Health: The Role of Moderators and Mediators in Shaping Outcomes
Kalra, Y., & Kour, P. (2025) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2025.0007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Characterization of the circadian expression profile of clock genes in Aag2 cell line infected and uninfected by Dengue 2 virus (DENV2)
Fonseca, A. B. D. A., da Costa, S. M., Mantuano‐Barradas, M., Alves, A. M. B., & Bruno, R. V. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chikungunya infection modulates the locomotor/flight activity of Aedes aegypti
Padilha, K. P., Talyuli, O. A. C., Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira, R., Farnesi, L. C., & Bruno, R. V. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders: Mechanisms and Treatment
Abbott, S. M., & Zee, P. C. (2022) · Translational medicine research · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2168-2_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Sleep / Wake Cycle and Melatonin
Rai, S., Patel, S., & Gahir, S. (2022) · Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal · doi:10.23880/cclsj-16000174
Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice.
Song, S., Irfan, M., Tahir, Z., Garrison, K. A., & Ziskind, S. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00370-2
What, how and (especially) when: chronoparmacological approach in cancer therapies
Trebucq, L. L., Marpegán, L., Golombek, D. A., & Chiesa, J. J. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200021
Annual variation of daily activity patterns and its dependence on photoperiod: a quick overview
Improta, G. C. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200015
Circadian modulation of motivation-related behavior
Acosta, J., Golombek, D. A., & Agostino, P. V. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200006
The effect of pubertal development on the sleep-wake cycle
Borrani, J., Guerra, G., García, A., Ramírez, C., & Valdéz, P. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shift work-related health problems: causes, effects, and light-based interventions
Bustos-González, L. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200009
Different latitude influences the habitat and reproductive patterns of Pinnipeds
Morales-Pérez, B., & Miñana-Solís, M. D. C. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200016
From the ruler to the smartphone tasks applied to identify sleep deprivation
Bellone, G. J., Fedele, M. M., Abulafia, C., Plano, S. A., Golombek, D. A., & Vigo, D. E. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200007
Relationship between classroom seat location and the sleep situation, melatonin secretion patterns of school children
Noi, S., Tanabe, K., & Shikano, A. (2020) · Japan Journal of Human Growth and Development Research · doi:10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2020.89_12
Light and Melatonin Treatment for Jet Lag Disorder☆
Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.01133-0
Self-citation
Effective non-pharmaceutical approaches to restorative sleep for healthcare professionals
Newman, M., & Alschuler, L. N. (2022) · Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.xjep.2022.100569
Adjunctive Therapies for Dental Sleep Appliances
de Courcey-Bayley, C., & McCloy, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10646-0_12
Genetics of Chronotype and Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Kunorozva, L., & Lane, J. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62723-1_11
Strategies to Reduce Disrupted Circadian Rhythms and Improve Health
Nelson, R. J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197639979.003.0008
IoT enabled health indicators estimation and indoor environment classification
Anicai, C., & Shakir, M. Z. (2025) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2025.101791
Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Insomnie
Specht, M. B., & Matti, N. (2026) · rheuma plus · doi:10.1007/s12688-025-00931-3
The effect of an experimental sleep extension manipulation on timing and duration of sedentary behavior and physical activity in habitually short-sleeping and inactive adolescents: Results from a randomized crossover trial
Davidson, J. A., Creasy, S. A., Meneses, E., Brinton, J. T., Bernard, A., Bowen, A. E., Hawkins, S. M. M., Cree, M. G., Nadeau, K. J., Melanson, E. L., et al. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.02.006
Melatonin as a Chronobiotic Intervention for Advancing Sleep Timing and Enhancing Sleep Quality in Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials Studies
Hanafi, M. I., Laksana, Z. A., Ardiyan, C. N. I., Arifianti, A., Islamiyah, W. R., & Fidiana, F. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2026.03426
“In addition, good public health awareness and access to health services will enable individuals with DSWPD to be easily diagnosed [53].”
Influential
La problématique de la consultation pour plainte d’insomnie en médecine générale : du vécu du médecin aux perspectives de soins
Chambe, J. (2019) · doi:10.70675/37bfe6ddza2dez49efz98acz1725ad0b924e
Too noisy, too dark: sleep environment at a typical stroke unit
Schuerch, N., Bassetti, C. L., Arnold, M., & Vorster, A. P. A. (2026) · European Stroke Journal · doi:10.1093/esj/aakag024
Circadian–immune crosstalk in insomnia disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Huang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1881195
“Morning light exposure helps advance sleep phase, enhance daytime wakefulness, and stabilize nocturnal melatonin rhythms (Crowley and Eastman, 2015).”
Circadian Biology and Phase Response: Fundamental Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Fedele, M. L. M., & Cardinali, D. P. (2026) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep8030048
“Taking melatonin (3–6 mg) before going to sleep during the day can promote sleepiness and help shift the circadian phase [121].”
Characterization of the circadian system in binge eating disorder and the effects of morning bright light and individually timed exogenous melatonin administration: A 4-week feasibility double-blind randomized controlled mechanistic clinical trialPreprint
Romo‐Nava, F., Burgess, H. J., Blom, T. J., Cao, X., Williamson, B., Georgiev, G., Stoddard, J., Goertemoeller, M., Fu, J., Mori, N. N., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10684280/v1

Advancing Human Circadian Rhythms with Afternoon Melatonin and Morning Intermittent Bright Light
Revell, V. L., Burgess, H. J., Gazda, C. J., Smith, M. R., Fogg, L., & Eastman, C. I. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1009 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citation
Can Morning Light Phase Advance Human Melatonin Rhythms in Less Than 24 h?
López‐Velasco, C., Reichert, C., & Cajochen, C. (2026) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.70134 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Combination of Light and Melatonin Time Cues for Phase Advancing the Human Circadian Clock
Burke, T. M., Markwald, R. R., Chinoy, E. D., Snider, J. A., Bessman, S. C., Jung, C. M., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3110 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A fixed morning awakening coupled with a low intensity light maintains a phase advance of the human circadian system
Samková, L., Vondrašová, D., Hajek, I., & Illnerová, H. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13460-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Early morning bright light phase advances the human circadian pacemaker within one day
Buresová, M., Dvořáková, M., Zvolský, P., & Illnerová, H. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90646-b · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Authors: Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I.
Affiliations: Rush University Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Crowley, Stephanie J.
ORCID: Crowley, Stephanie J.
Eastman, Charmane I.
Venue: Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 288-297
ISSN: 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.004
PMC: PMC4344919
OpenAlex: W2149442311
Cited by: 99
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (R01 NR007677)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: melatonin, dim light melatonin onset, circadian misalignment, delayed sleep phase syndrome, jet lag, shift work, school start time, light duration, chronotherapy
MeSH terms: Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Light, Male, Melatonin, Sleep, Time Factors, Actigraphy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and gradually shifted sleep: can we reduce morning bright-light duration?

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks