Postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in simulated shift work
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate postprandial responses to a mixed meal in simulated shift work conditions. Nine normal healthy subjects (six males and three females) were studied on two occasions at the same clock time (1330 h) after consuming test meals, first in their normal environment and secondly after a 9 h phase advance (body clock time 2230 h). Plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), triacylglycerol (TAG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were determined at intervals for 6 h after each test meal. Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP-1 profiles were evaluated by calculating areas under the curve (AUC) for the first 2 h and the last 4 h of the sampling together with total AUC. Significantly higher postprandial glucose responses (total AUC) were observed after the phase shift than before (AUC 0-360 min, 2.01 (1.51-2.19) vs 1.79 (1.56-2.04) mmol/l.min; P < 0.02; mean (range)). No significant difference was observed when the first 2 h of each response was compared, but significantly higher glucose levels were observed in the last 4 h of the study after the phase shift than before (AUC 120-360 min, 1.32 (1.08-1.42) vs 1.16 (1.00-1.28) mmol/l.min; P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for insulin (AUC 0-360 min, 81.72 (30.75-124.97) vs 58.98 (28.03-92.57) pmol/l.min; P < 0.01; AUC 120-360 min, 40.73 (16.20-65.25) vs 25.71 (14.25-37.33) pmol/l.min; P < 0.02). No differences were observed in postprandial plasma GIP and GLP-1 responses before and after the phase shift. Postprandial circulating lipid levels were affected by phase shifting. Peak plasma TAG levels occurred 5 h postprandially before the phase shift. Postprandial rises in plasma TAG were significantly delayed after the phase shift and TAG levels continued to rise throughout the study. Plasma postprandial NEFA levels fell during the first 3 h both before and after the phase shift. Their rate of return to basal levels was significantly delayed after the phase shift compared with before. This study demonstrates that a simulated phase shift can significantly alter pancreatic B-cell responses and postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Different forms of shift work induce multiple forms of circadian misalignment, which are believed to underlie raised postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in shift workers, increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes.
“Different forms of shift work are reported to induce multiple forms of circadian misalignment, which are believed to underlie the observed raised postprandial glucose (120) and insulin concentrations in shift workers (121), as well as the increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (122) and type 2 diabetes observed in epidemiologic studies (81).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
Early studies showed decreased glucose tolerance under simulated shift work conditions and in shift workers.
“Important early studies have shown decreased glucose tolerance, a risk factor for diabetes, under simulated shift work conditions and in shift workers [e.g., Hampton et al. (67) and Lund et al. (68)].”
From Circadian rhythms, metabolism, and chrononutrition in rodents and humans (2016) · cites this paper as [67]
A 9-h phase advance had a detrimental effect on the average triglyceride response to a test meal only when the pretest meal was a low- rather than high-fat meal.
“Moreover, a 9-h phase advance only had a detrimental effect on the average triglyceride response to a test meal when the pretest meal is a low- rather than high-fat meal (Hampton et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998).”
From The impact of the circadian timing system on cardiovascular and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as Hampton et al., 1996
A 9-h phase advance of the circadian timing system increased the glucose and insulin response to a test meal given at the same clock time when the test meal was preceded by a high-fat but not low-fat meal.
“A 9-h phase advance of the circadian timing system—a simulation of shift work—increased the glucose and insulin response to a test meal given at the same clock time when the test meal was preceded by a high-fat but not low-fat meal (Hampton et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998).”
From The impact of the circadian timing system on cardiovascular and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as Hampton et al., 1996
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Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 · Cited by 2,351 · see citing works
“Others have examined the effect of simulated night shift work on postprandial glucose and insulin with varied results (18, 19).”
BackgroundHealth disorders of shift workers
Knutsson, A. (2003) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg048 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, post-prandial TAG levels are higher and the elevation more prolonged in subjects following a shift-work routin”
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Baron, K. G., & Reid, K. J. (2014) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.911149 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
“…studies have used temporary phase shifts to study the effect of misalignment and demonstrate changes in leptin rhythm and glucose response to meals (Hampton et al., 1996; Schoeller, Cella, Sinha, & Caro, 1997) as well as increased depressed mood (Surridge-David, MacLean, Coulter, & Knowles, 1987).”
BackgroundRoles of Circadian Rhythmicity and Sleep in Human Glucose Regulation
Cauter, E. V., Polonsky, K. S., & Scheen, A. J. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.5.0317 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“, “jet lag”), and shift work rotations are highly prevalent conditions in modern society, and their hormonal and metabolic implications have only begun to be recognized (3).”
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“, SCN lesions, clock gene mutations, continuous light exposure, and simulated shift work) can impair glucose metabolism (19, 20, 26, 28, 29).”
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Lowden, A., Moreno, C., Holmbäck, U., Lennernäs, M., & Tucker, P. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.2898 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
“For example, participants in a simulated shift work study were given a late evening meal (22:30 hours) and consequently exhibited elevated postprandial glucose and insulin responses (63).”
BackgroundSleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers
Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Barger, L. K., Lockley, S. W., Shea, S. A., Wang, W., Landrigan, C. P., O’Brien, C. S., Qadri, S., Sullivan, J. P., Cade, B. E., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1851 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
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“Differences in the circadian timing of meals among shift workers have also been shown to influence postprandial levels of lipids and glucose (89, 90).”
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Lockley, S. W., Barger, L. K., Ayas, N., Rothschild, J. M., Czeisler, C. A., & Landrigan, C. P. (2007) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(07)33109-7 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Sleep and Cardiovascular Disease
Wolk, R. A., Gami, A. S., García‐Touchard, A., & Somers, V. K. (2005) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.07.002 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
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“This interpretation is supported by findings of Hampton et al. (1996) .”
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Sleep and Metabolism: An Overview
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“revealed that when subjects were made to simulate shift work it resulted in alterations in postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism [15].”
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“…shift work are reported to induce multiple forms of circadian misalignment, which are believed to underlie the observed raised postprandial glucose (120) and insulin concentrations in shift workers (121), as well as the increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (122) and type 2 diabetes…”
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“One of the first laboratory studies to investigate potential metabolic changes due to circadian disruption/misalignment was by Hampton and co-workers [144] in a simulated shift work study.”
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“Postprandial TAG levels are higher for meals taken during the night versus the day (10, 11), coinciding with a circadian increase in plasma TAG concentrations, as shown here and in other studies (5, 36).”
BackgroundResultShiftwork and Cardiovascular Disease: Review of Disease Mechanisms
Knutsson, A., & Bøggild, H. (2000) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh.2000.15.4.359 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
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“Moreover, a 9-h phase advance only had a detrimental effect on the average triglyceride response to a test meal when the pretest meal is a low- rather than high-fat meal (Hampton et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998).”
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Lund, J., Arendt, J., Hampton, S., English, J., & Morgan, L. (2001) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1710557 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“An increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well documented (Knutsson et al. 1986, Kristensen 1989, Kawachi et al. 1996).”
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Boivin, D. B., & James, F. O. (2002) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402238238 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
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“4 insulin sensitivity as a result of nocturnal eating (48,51-55).”
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“Other metabolic effects of shift work include abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia (lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglycerides) and changes in glucose tolerance (Hampton et al. 1996; Karlsson et al. 2001, 2003; Nagaya et al. 2002; Di Lorenzo et al. 2003), all suggestive of the possibility that shift work may contribut…”
BackgroundMeasurement of, and Some Reasons for, Differences in Eating Habits Between Night and Day Workers
Waterhouse, J. M., Buckley, P., Edwards, B., & Reilly, T. P. (2003) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120025536 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“In this regard, night work is associated with altered plasma lipids (Cella et al., 1995; Romon et al., 1990) and glucose tolerance (Hampton et al., 1996; Lund et al., 2001; Ribeiro et al., 1998), and it has been shown that there is a direct relationship between the amount of carbohydrates taken in…”
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Gooley, J. J. (2016) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665116000288 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The trouble with circadian clock dysfunction: Multiple deleterious effects on the brain and body
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“In comparable experiments, the exaggerated postprandial response following a test meal in shifted subjects was reduced for glucose and insulin but increased for TAG following a low-fat pre-meal((150)) rather than a high-fat pre-meal((151)).”
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Arendt, J. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.668997 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“…time (for example, in the middle of the biological night) are followed by abnormal postprandial metabolism, with evidence of insulin resistance and slow clearance of blood lipids, i.e., triglycerides (Hampton et al., 1996; Holmback et al., 2002; Ribeiro et al., 1998; Sopowski et al., 2001).”
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“Consistently, previous studies proposed that night eating resulted in increased postprandial glucose, insulin and TAG levels in comparison to daytime meals [109,110].”
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“The aim of this study was to extend the observations from our previous work (Hampton et al. 1996) on postprandial hormone and metabolic responses during simulated shift work.”
InfluentialHow to Trick Mother Nature into Letting You Fly Around or Stay Up All Night
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“In addition, consuming meals at an unusual circadian phase, after transmeridian travel and during the night shift, can result in inappropriate metabolic responses that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus (Hampton et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAtypical Work Hours and Metabolic Syndrome Among Police Officers
Violanti, J. M., Burchfiel, C. M., Hartley, T. A., Mnatsakanova, A., Fekedulegn, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Charles, L. E., & Vila, B. J. (2009) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338240903241259 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
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“Following transmeridian travel it is likely that meals will be eaten at inappropriate circadian phases, and repeated occurrence of this could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes [15].”
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“…9-h phase advance, such as might be found in rotating shift work or after Eastward time zone change, postprandial insulin and glucose responses to a standard mixed meal were significantly greater than to the same meal at the same external clock time before the phase shift (Hampton et al. 1996).”
BackgroundTiming of food intake during simulated night shift impacts glucose metabolism: A controlled study
Grant, C. L., Coates, A. M., Dorrian, J., Kennaway, D. J., Wittert, G., Heilbronn, L. K., Pajcin, M., Vedova, C. B. D., Gupta, C. C., & Banks, S. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1335318 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Findings of the current study extend previous carefully controlled, laboratory studies using either circadian misalignment or sleep restriction protocols, which demonstrated that eating meals during the biological night impairs immediate postprandial glucose metabolism or glucose tolerance to test meals (Hampton et al…”
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“In laboratory studies that experimentally imposed severe acute circadian misalignment, healthy participants showed adverse metabolic responses that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [1, 8, 9].”
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“The effects of a phase shift, regardless of advance or delay, on glucose and insulin secretion indicate a disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism (57,81,101,103).”
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“Voluntary sleep curtailment, rapid travel across time zones (i.e. ‘jet lag’) and shift work rotations are highly prevalent conditions in modern society, and their hormonal and metabolic implications have been only begun to be recognized [”
BackgroundThe influence of sleep and sleep loss upon food intake and metabolism
Crispim, C. A., Zimberg, I. Z., Dattilo, M., Padilha, H. G., Edwards, B., Waterhouse, J. M., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2007) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422407810651 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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METABOLIC RESPONSES ON THE EARLY SHIFT
Padilha, H. G., Crispim, C. A., Zimberg, I. Z., Folkard, S., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.489883 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Shiftwork and metabolic dysfunction
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“Shiftworkers show a lowered tolerance to glucose and lipids following a change from day work to night work (Hampton et al., 1996; Lund et al., 2001; Riberio et al., 1998).”
BackgroundCombined effects of high-fat feeding and circadian desynchronization
Bartol-Munier, I., Gourmelen, S., Pévet, P., & Challet, É. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803048 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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“However, similar differences have been noted in humans, wherein a phase delay of 3 27 h has been reported to impair GLP-1 release, whereas a 9-hour phase advance has been reported to have no effect [54,55].”
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Syncing Exercise With Meals and Circadian Clocks
Heden, T. D., & Kanaley, J. A. (2018) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000172 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Subjective Poor Sleep and White Blood Cell Count in Male Japanese Workers
Nishitani, N., & Sakakibara, H. (2007) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.45.296 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Diurnal postprandial responses to low and high glycaemic index mixed meals
Gibbs, M. A., Harrington, D., Starkey, S., Williams, P., & Hampton, S. M. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevention and treatment of jet lag
Haimov, I. (1999) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(99)90004-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wehrens, S. M. T., Hampton, S. M., Finn, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-10-0077 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In previous studies reporting postprandial differences, meals were given at an abnormal clock time (Hampton et al .”
Self-citationNutritional Aspects of Late Eating and Night Eating
Gallant, A. R., Lundgren, J. D., & Drapeau, V. (2013) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-013-0081-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk in operators under radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation
Vangelova, K. K., Deyanov, C., & Israel, M. S. (2005) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.09.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bonham, M. P., Kaias, E., Zimberg, I. Z., Leung, G. K. W., Davis, R., Sletten, T. L., Windsor-Aubrey, H., & Huggins, C. E. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730418824214 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Crowley, S. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2869-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Even short-term circadian misalignment in healthy participants impairs metabolic responses that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus (Hampton et al. 1996; Scheer et al. 2009).”
Genetic variants in<i>MTNR1B</i>affecting insulin secretion
Müssig, K., Staiger, H., Machicao, F., Häring, H.-U., & Fritsche, A. (2010) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2010.502125 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“simulated phase shift signifi cantly alters pancreatic β -cell responses, postprandial glucose levels, and lipid metabolism (23), and circadian misalignment results in postprandial glucose responses in the range characteristic of a prediabetic state (24).”
BackgroundMcDonald, R. J., Zelinski, E. L., Keeley, R. J., Sutherland, D., Fehr, L., & Hong, N. S. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.04.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Normal rats show a preference, measured by dwell time, for the context previously associated with the food or a specific food type [56].”
BackgroundResultBalakrishnan, A., Stearns, A. T., Ashley, S. W., Tavakkolizadeh, A., & Rhoads, D. B. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.116749 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In light of reports that SGLT1 expression is increased in obesity and diabetes (29,30), it would be interesting to assess the functional consequences of our observation by comparing glucose homeostasis in light- and dark-fed rats as well as measuring SGLT1 expression in shift workers who are forced to eat off schedule…”
BackgroundMavroudis, P. D., Corbett, S., Calvano, S. E., & Androulakis, I. P. (2014) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chronotype and cardio metabolic health in obesity: does nutrition matter?
Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Aprano, S., Framondi, L., Matteo, R. D., Altieri, B., Laudisio, D., Pugliese, G., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. (2021) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2021.1885017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Knutsson, A., Karlsson, B., Örnkloo, K., Landström, U., Lennernäs, M. A. ‐., & Eriksson, K. (2002) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/026010600201600207 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The osmotic laxative magnesium sulphate activates the ileal brake
Vu, Nouwens, Biemond, Lamers, & Masclee (2000) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00746.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dyslipidemia in industrial workers in hot environments
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Postprandial Triacylglycerol Responses in Simulated Night and Day Shift: Gender Differences
Sopowski, M. J., Hampton, S., Ribeiro, D. C. O., Morgan, L. D., & Arendt, J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873040101600310 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In previous studies conducted in our laboratory using a simulated shift work environment and healthy volunteers, elevated postprandial TAG levels were reported at night compared with the day (Hampton et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMolzof, H. E., Peterson, C. M., Thomas, S. J., Gloston, G. F., Johnson, R. L., & Gamble, K. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.876752 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) 45 (10) 58 (13) 0.”
ResultCircadian Misalignment and Metabolic Consequences
Banks, S., Dorrian, J., Grant, C., & Coates, A. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420168-2.00017-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Misalignment of Circadian Rhythms in Diet-Induced Obesity
Engin, A. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Varcoe, T. J., Gatford, K. L., Voultsios, A., Salkeld, M. D., Boden, M. J., Rattanatray, L., & Kennaway, D. J. (2014) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2014.080630 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The real-world association between digital markers of circadian disruption and mental health risks
Lee, M. P., Kim, D. W., Fang, Y., Kim, R., Bohnert, A. S. B., Sen, S., & Forger, D. B. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01348-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This matches previous experimental studies demonstrating that circadian misalignment induces dysregulation of appetite-stimulating hormonesand glucose metabolism, leading to changes in feeding behaviors 9,34,44,45 .”
Methodological and metabolic considerations in the study of caffeine-containing energy drinks
Shearer, J. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12131 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Waterhouse, J. M., Jones, K., Edwards, B., Harrison, Y. D., Nevill, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2004) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120038628 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This results in an altered glucose response curve and in altered lipid profiles in the blood following a meal (Hampton et al., 1996; Holmback et al., 2002; Lennernas et al., 1994; Lund et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 1998; Owens et al., 1996; Scheen and Van Cauter, 1998; Trotti et al., 2002; Van Cauter et al., 1989, 1991…”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep Disruption in Jet Lag and Other Circadian Rhythm-Related Disorders
Arendt, J., Stone, B. M., & Skene, D. J. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50062-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationHa, J., Kim, S. G., Paek, D., & Park, J. (2011) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.5491/shaw.2011.2.1.70 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor
Jethwa, P. H., I’Anson, H., Warner, A., PROSSER, H., Hastings, M. H., Maywood, E. S., & Ebling, F. J. P. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“One line of evidence for this link comprises observations of altered insulin production, and glucose and lipid metabolism in humans (9) and laboratory animals (2) subjected to enforced changes in environmental light-dark cycles.”
Noisy and individual, but doable
Kantermann, T., Wehrens, S. M. T., Ulhôa, M. A., Moreno, C. R. D. C., & Skene, D. J. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00022-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Shift-work simulation studies (Hampton et al., 1996; Ribeiro et al., 1998), for example, were able to demonstrate that glucose, insulin, and lipid levels following food intake were dependent on a person’s internal time.”
BackgroundThomas, C., & Power, C. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp365 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Enhancing the metabolic benefits of exercise: Is timing the key?
Bennett, S. E., & Sato, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.987208 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Whilst correlation does not necessarily equal causality, it must be noted that simulated shift work experiments have revealed transcriptomic (11), endocrine (12, 13) and metabolic (14) circadian misalignment following relatively short intervention periods.”
Background
- Authors
- Hampton, S. M., Morgan, L. M., Lawrence, N., Anastasiadou, T., Norris, F., Deacon, S., Ribeiro, D., & Arendt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Bioscientifica
- Published
- 1996-11-01
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 259-267
- ISSN
- 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-6805
- OpenAlex
- W1996486968
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- shift work, circadian phase advance, postprandial blood glucose, insulin response, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, triglycerides, free fatty acids, mixed meal, circadian rhythm, meal timing, lipid metabolism, jet lag, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucagon, Humans, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Lipids, Male, Peptide Fragments, Protein Precursors, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Postprandial Period, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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