Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period
Open accessAbstract
The length of the endogenous period of the human circadian clock (tau) is slightly greater than 24 hours. There are individual differences in tau, which influence the phase angle of entrainment to the light/dark (LD) cycle, and in doing so contribute to morningness-eveningness. We have recently reported that tau measured in subjects living on an ultradian LD cycle averaged 24.2 hours, and is similar to tau measured using different experimental methods. Here we report racial differences in tau. Subjects lived on an ultradian LD cycle (1.5 hours sleep, 2.5 hours wake) for 3 days. Circadian phase assessments were conducted before and after the ultradian days to determine the change in circadian phase, which was attributed to tau. African American subjects had a significantly shorter tau than subjects of other races. We also tested for racial differences in our previous circadian phase advancing and phase delaying studies. In the phase advancing study, subjects underwent 4 days of a gradually advancing sleep schedule combined with a bright light pulse upon awakening each morning. In the phase delaying study, subjects underwent 4 days of a gradually delaying sleep schedule combined with evening light pulses before bedtime. African American subjects had larger phase advances and smaller phase delays, relative to Caucasian subjects. The racial differences in tau and circadian phase shifting have important implications for understanding normal phase differences between individuals, for developing solutions to the problems of jet lag and shift work, and for the diagnosis and treatment of circadian rhythm based sleep disorders such as advanced and delayed sleep phase disorder.
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Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau), which shows robust stability within individuals.
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
From Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance (2013) · cites this paper as [95]
The higher morning chronotype prevalence in British black ethnicity was argued to be due to the shorter τ reported previously in individuals with black ethnicity.
“This was argued to be due to the shorter τ reported previously in individuals with black ethnicity (45)”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
Genetic variants may underlie some interindividual and interethnic differences in the period of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest as differences in chronotype.
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
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NON-VISUAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT : ADAPTATION TO LIGHT ENVIRONMENT( Lighting Research Group)
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- Authors
- Smith, M. R., Burgess, H. J., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eastman, Charmane I.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-06-30
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e6014
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2699031
- OpenAlex
- W2000253660
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL086934)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR007677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- circadian period, racial differences, African Americans, circadian phase, chronotype, phase shifting, light pulses, jet lag, shift work, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, delayed sleep phase syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biological Clocks, Black or African American, Circadian Rhythm, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Iris, Light, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Photoperiod
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