Flocculation as a low-cost method for harvesting microalgae for bulk biomass production
Open accessAbstract
The global demand for biomass for food, feed, biofuels, and chemical production is expected to increase in the coming decades. Microalgae are a promising new source of biomass that may complement agricultural crops. Production of microalgae has so far been limited to high-value applications. In order to realize large-scale production of microalgae biomass for low-value applications, new low-cost technologies are needed to produce and process microalgae. A major challenge lies in the harvesting of the microalgae, which requires the separation of a low amount of biomass consisting of small individual cells from a large volume of culture medium. Flocculation is seen as a promising low-cost harvesting method. Here, we overview the challenges and possible solutions for flocculating microalgae.
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Algal cells display an overall net negative charge on their surface and hence repel each other in suspensions.
“The principle of flocculation lies in the observation that algal cells display an overall net negative charge on their surface and hence repel each other in suspensions [43].”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
The Additional information section says microalgal suspensions are stabilized by cell-surface charge and that cells have a net negative charge above pH 4–5. Box 2 explains that charged particles repel one another in suspension. The citing sentence omits the paper’s pH condition and presents the negative charge as unqualified. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFour main procedures are typically deployed for separation of biomaterial from the aqueous phase: centrifugation, flocculation, froth flotation, and physical methods.
“Four main procedures are typically deployed [43,44], namely, centrifugation, flocculation (induced by either chemical and/or biological agents), froth flotation, and physical methods.”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
In “The challenge of harvesting microalgae” (page unavailable), the paper discusses centrifugation and flocculation as harvesting methods. “Physical flocculation methods” and “Flocculation as part of a two-step harvesting process” describe physical techniques, but do not present them as a separate, fourth main procedure. Froth flotation appears only indirectly in references to flotation studies; the paper does not give the claimed four-part classification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEconomic sustainability of commercial-scale production of microalgae biomass is still in doubt, especially cultivation and harvesting.
“The economic sustainability of the commercial-scale production of microalgae biomass is still in the shadow of doubt, especially the cultivation and harvesting process.”
From Challenges in Functional Food Products with the Incorporation of Some Microalgae (2024) · cites this paper as [130]
Costs associated with production, harvesting, and processing are a major factor preventing widespread use of microalgae technology.
“Costs associated with production, harvesting, and processing have been extensively discussed in prior studies and are a major factor preventing the widespread use of this technology [130].”
From Challenges in Functional Food Products with the Incorporation of Some Microalgae (2024) · cites this paper as [130]
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Ali, H. E. A., El-fayoumy, E. A., Soliman, R. M., Elkhatat, A., Al-Meer, S., Elsaid, K., Hussein, H. A., Zul Helmi Rozaini, M., & Azmuddin Abdullah, M. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.114267 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Andrade-Bustamante, G., Martínez-Ruiz, F. E., Ortega-García, J., Renganathan, P., Gaysina, L. A., Mahendhiran, M., & Puente, E. O. R. (2025) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol5020039 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Yap, B. H. J., Martin, G. J. O., & Scales, P. J. (2016) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.12.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Estrada-Graf, A., Hernández, S., & Morales, M. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08240-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Chen, Y., Liang, H., Du, H., Jesumani, V., He, W., Cheong, K.-L., Li, T., & Hong, T. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2145455 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ramírez-Mérida (2017) · doi:10.2174/97816810852271170101 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vandamme, D., Foubert, I., & Muylaert, K.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Muylaert, Koenraad
- Venue
- Trends in Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 233-239
- ISSN
- 0167-7799 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010231803
- Semantic Scholar
- 4e5c7e49877977c9a89da02233be2fb711a3c326
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Platform voor marien onderzoek (Vlaams Instituut Voor De Zee) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Coagulation and Flocculation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- microalgae harvesting, flocculation, microalgae cultivation
- MeSH terms
- Biotechnology, Flocculation, Biomass, Biofuels, Microalgae
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