Social Fear Learning: from Animal Models to Human Function
Open accessAbstract
Learning about potential threats is critical for survival. Learned fear responses are acquired either through direct experiences or indirectly through social transmission. Social fear learning (SFL), also known as vicarious fear learning, is a paradigm successfully used for studying the transmission of threat information between individuals. Animal and human studies have begun to elucidate the behavioral, neural and molecular mechanisms of SFL. Recent research suggests that social learning mechanisms underlie a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive phenomena, from supporting flexible avoidance in dynamic environments to intergenerational transmission of trauma and anxiety disorders. This review discusses recent advances in SFL studies and their implications for basic, social and clinical sciences.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Trait empathy while watching someone else go through a distressing scenario is a risk factor for fear-based pathology.
“Trait empathy while watching someone else go through a distressing scenario is also a risk factor for fear-based pathology (e.g., Debiec et al., 2017; Keum & Shin, 2019; Olsson et al., 2016).”
From I've Seen Enough: Measuring the Toll of Content Moderation on Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as Debiec et al., 2017
The “Emotional sharing and empathy” section reports that an empathy-enhancing instruction increased fear learning while participants watched another person receive shocks; it does not establish trait empathy as a risk factor. The “Social Learning and Transmission of Maladaptive Fears and Anxiety” section links social fear learning more generally to maladaptive fears and anxiety, but does not make that link specifically for trait empathy. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObservational transmission of fear is an adaptive response to protect oneself and others from experiencing similar aversive consequences.
“Observational transmission of fear is an adaptive response to protect oneself and others from experiencing the same or similar aversive consequences in similar situations (Debiec & Olsson, 2017).”
From I've Seen Enough: Measuring the Toll of Content Moderation on Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as Debiec & Olsson, 2017
The Abstract describes social fear learning as transmission of threat information that can support adaptive avoidance, and “Social regulation of fear” explains how observing another’s fear establishes a threat response. The paper does not specifically say that observational transmission protects both oneself and others from experiencing similar aversive consequences in similar situations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial transfer of fear is routinely assayed as increased freezing by an observer and can occur via direct observation of a demonstrator being shocked or indirectly via interaction with a conditioned subject responding to a cue.
“Social transfer of fear, routinely assayed as increased freezing by an observer, is a particularly robust form of emotional contagion and can occur via direct observation of a demonstrator being shocked or indirectly via interaction with a conditioned subject responding to a cue [103-105].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [105]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain
Price, D. D. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1769 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
Laland, K. N. (2004) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03196002 · Cited by 1,551 · see citing works
The conditioning theory of fearacquisition: A critical examination
Rachman, S. (1977) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(77)90041-9 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Zaki, J. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037679 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Johansen, J. P., Fields, H. L., & Manning, B. H. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.141218998 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC
Jeon, D., Kim, S., Chetana, M., Jo, D., Ruley, H. E., Lin, S.-Y., Rabah, D., Kinet, J.-P., & Shin, H.-S. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2504 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1968 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Self-citationIntergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.247 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Social learning about predators: a review and prospectus
Griffin, A. S. (2004) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03196014 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Schmitz, A., & Grillon, C. (2012) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.001 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Gerull, F. C., & Rapee, R. M. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00013-4 · Cited by 352 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, experimental studies show that infants and young children quickly acquire parental fears [9, 77, 78, 82, 88].”
BackgroundLearning fears by observing others: the neural systems of social fear transmission
Olsson, A., Nearing, K. I., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm005 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear.
Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.1.23 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
The anterior cingulate cortex and pain processing
Fuchs, P. N., Peng, Y. B., Boyette-Davis, J. A., & Uhelski, M. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2014.00035 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
de Rosnay, M., Cooper, P., Tsigaras, N., & Murray, L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.003 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: implications for cultural diversity
Kendal, R. L., Hopper, L. M., Whiten, A., Brosnan, S. F., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J., & Hoppitt, W. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
A Key Role for Similarity in Vicarious Reward
Mobbs, D., Yu, R., Meyer, M., Passamonti, L., Seymour, B., Calder, A. J., Schweizer, S., Frith, C. D., & Dalgleish, T. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170539 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The Intergenerational Transmission of Anxiety: A Children-of-Twins Study
Eley, T. C., McAdams, T. A., Rijsdijk, F. V., Lichtenstein, P., Narusyte, J., Reiss, D., Spotts, E. L., Ganiban, J. M., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14070818 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Extending the amygdala in theories of threat processing
Fox, A. S., Oler, J. A., Tromp, D., Fudge, J. L., & Kalin, N. H. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.03.002 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy
Lockwood, P. L., Apps, M. A. J., Valton, V., Viding, E. M., & Roiser, J. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1603198113 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Social Transmission of Fear in Rats: The Role of 22-kHz Ultrasonic Distress Vocalization
Kim, E. J., Kim, E. S., Covey, E., & Kim, J. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015077 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Grueneberg Ganglion Cells Mediate Alarm Pheromone Detection in Mice
Brechbühl, J., Klaey‐Tassone, M., & Broillet, M.-C. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160770 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Empathy is moderated by genetic background in mice
Chen, Q., Panksepp, J. B., & Lahvis, G. P. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004387 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The Anatomy of Suffering: Understanding the Relationship between Nociceptive and Empathic Pain
Zaki, J., Wager, T. D., Singer, T., Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.003 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Deębiec, J., Doyère, V., Nader, K., & LeDoux, J. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507168103 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning About Pain From Others: An Observational Learning Account
Goubert, L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Crombez, G., & Craig, K. D. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.10.001 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
The vicarious learning pathway to fear 40 years on.
Askew, C., & Field, A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.05.003 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Crişan, L. G., Pană, S. E., Vulturar, R., Heilman, R. M., Szekely‐Copîndean, R. D., Drugă, B., Dragoş, N., & Miu, A. C. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp019 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Dębiec, J., & Sullivan, R. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1316740111 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Ginsburg, G. S., Drake, K. L., Tein, J.-Y., Teetsel, R., & Riddle, M. A. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14091178 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Gunnar, M. R., Hostinar, C. E., Sanchez, M. M., Tottenham, N., & Sullivan, R. M. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1070198 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Social modulation of learning in ratsPreprint
Knapska, E., Mikosz, M., Werka, T., & Maren, S. (2009) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1670910 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Le, M. T. H., Holton, S., Romero, L., & Fisher, J. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016659489 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates the Efficiency of Amygdala-Dependent Fear Learning
Bissière, S., Plachta, N., Hoyer, D., McAllister, K. H., Olpe, H.-R., Grace, A. A., & Cryan, J. F. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.022 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Vicarious learning and the development of fears in childhood
Askew, C., & Field, A. P. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Vicarious reinforcement in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
Chang, S. W. C., Winecoff, A. A., & Platt, M. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00027 · Cited by 124 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, primates are more likely to imitate behaviors modeled by a dominant and knowledgeable group member [46, 48].”
BackgroundAktar, E., Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02601.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Miyakawa, A., Knight, R. T., & D’Esposito, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kavaliers, M., Colwell, D. D., & Choleris, E. (2005) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0896-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Lateralization of observational fear learning at the cortical but not thalamic level in mice
Kim, S., Mátyás, F., Lee, S., Acsády, L., & Shin, H. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1213903109 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Emotional contagion: its scope and limits
Dezecache, G., Jacob, P., & Grèzes, J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.03.011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Dynamic construction of the neural networks underpinning empathy for pain
Betti, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.009 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
An intra-amygdala circuit specifically regulates social fear learning
Twining, R. C., Vantrease, J. E., Love, S., Padival, M., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4481 · Cited by 93 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A recently published study in rats showed the critical role of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (Me), an established site underlying social recognition using olfactory cues in rodents, and the LA-Me connections in social fear learning [70].”
BackgroundVicarious Fear Learning Depends on Empathic Appraisals and Trait Empathy
Olsson, A., McMahon, K., Papenberg, G., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615604124 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationAtlas, L. Y., Doll, B. B., Li, J., Daw, N. D., & Phelps, E. A. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.15192 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Variability in empathic fear response among 11 inbred strains of mice
Keum, S., Park, J., Kim, A., Park, J., Kim, K. K., Jeong, J., & Shin, H. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12278 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kiyokawa, Y., Hiroshima, S., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dominance status predicts social fear transmission in laboratory rats
Jones, C. E., & Monfils, M.-H. (2016) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-016-1013-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Post-weaning social isolation impairs observational fear conditioning
Yusufishaq, S., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.050 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Social transmission of Pavlovian fear: fear-conditioning by-proxy in related female rats
Jones, C. E., Riha, P. D., Gore, A. C., & Monfils, M. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0711-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Assessment of social transmission of threats in humans using observational fear conditioning
Haaker, J., Golkar, A., Selbing, I., & Olsson, A. (2017) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.027 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationEndogenous opioids regulate social threat learning in humans
Haaker, J., Yi, J., Petrović, P., & Olsson, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15495 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationRodent models for studying empathy
Keum, S., & Shin, H. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.022 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Identification of a pheromone that increases anxiety in rats
Inagaki, H., Kiyokawa, Y., Tamogami, S., Watanabe, H., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414710112 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kim, B. S., Lee, J., Bang, M., Seo, B. A., Khalid, A., Jung, M. W., & Jeon, D. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3581-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cross-generational influences on childhood anxiety disorders: pathways and mechanisms
Lebowitz, E. R., Leckman, J., Silverman, W., & Feldman, R. (2016) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1565-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Social learning of fear and safety is determined by the demonstrator's racial group
Golkar, A., Castro, V., & Olsson, A. (2015) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0817 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationOther People as Means to a Safe End
Golkar, A., Selbing, I., Flygare, O., Öhman, A., & Olsson, A. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613489890 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent perspectives on the anxiety disorders : implications for DSM-V and beyond
McKay, D. (2009) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sex differences in social modulation of learning in rats
Mikosz, M., Nowak, A., Werka, T., & Knapska, E. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18114 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chemical communication of fear: A case of male-female asymmetry
de Groot, J. H. B., Semin, G. R., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0035950 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Mouse Model for Observational Fear Learning and the Empathetic Response
Jeon, D., & Shin, H. (2011) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0827s57 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Do infants associate spiders and snakes with fearful facial expressions?
Hoehl, S., & Pauen, S. (2016) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.12.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
McCullough, K. M., Morrison, F. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.025 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The neurobiology of safety and threat learning in infancy
Dębiec, J., & Sullivan, R. M. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Human Gender Differences in the Perception of Conspecific Alarm Chemosensory Cues
Rǎdulescu, A., & Mujica-Parodi, L. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068485 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Transmission of Cognitive Bias and Fear From Parents to Children: An Experimental Study
Remmerswaal, D., Muris, P., & Huijding, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.987378 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stoll, K. H., & Hall, W. A. (2013) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/1058-1243.22.4.226 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Panksepp, J. B., & Lahvis, G. P. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000133 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The effect of disgust and fear modeling on children’s disgust and fear for animals.
Askew, C., Çakır, K., Põldsam, L., & Reynolds, G. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037228 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lebowitz, E. R., Shic, F., Campbell, D., MacLeod, J., & Silverman, W. K. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22333 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Social Transmission of Avoidance Behavior under Situational Change in Learned and Unlearned Rats
Masuda, A., & Aou, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006794 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prediction errors to emotional expressions: the roles of the amygdala in social referencing
Meffert, H., Brislin, S. J., White, S. F., & Blair, J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu085 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Remmerswaal, D., Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Smeets, G. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Co-Evolution of Social Learning and Evolutionary Preparedness in Dangerous Environments
Lindström, B., Selbing, I., & Olsson, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160245 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDemonstrator skill modulates observational aversive learning
Selbing, I., Lindström, B., & Olsson, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural signals of vicarious extinction learning
Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Selbing, I., & Olsson, A. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw068 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural correlates of the mother‐to‐infant social transmission of fear
Chang, D.-J., & Dębiec, J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23739 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lindström, B., & Olsson, A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000071 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunization against social fear learning.
Golkar, A., & Olsson, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000173 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, J., & Jeong, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46262 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Inhibition of vicariously learned fear in children using positive modeling and prior exposure.
Askew, C., Reynolds, G., Fielding-Smith, S. F., & Field, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000131 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Conditioned social dominance threat: observation of others’ social dominance biases threat learning
Haaker, J., Molapour, T., & Olsson, A. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw074 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationReynolds, G., Field, A. P., & Askew, C. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0004-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reynolds, G., Field, A. P., & Askew, C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1138410 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Learning to fear a second-order stimulus following vicarious learning
Reynolds, G., Field, A. P., & Askew, C. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1116978 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Remmerswaal, D., Muris, P., & Huijding, J. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.01.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Blair, K. S., Otero, M. C., Teng, C. Y., Geraci, M. F., Lewis, E., Hollon, N. G., Blair, J., Monique Ernst, D., Grillon, C., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001537 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ma, Q., Huang, Y., & Wang, L. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/652542 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social Involvement Modulates the Response to Novel and Adverse Life Events in Mice
Colnaghi, L., Clemenza, K., Groleau, S. E., Weiss, S., Snyder, A. M., Lopez-Rosas, M., & Levine, A. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163077 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Masuda, A., Narikiyo, K., Someya, N., & Aou, S. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [78]de Rosnay M 2006 Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: an experimental study using a social referencing paradigm Behav Res Ther 44 1165 1175 16288978
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hippocampal-amygdala memory circuits govern experience-dependent observational fear
Terranova, J. I., Yokose, J., Osanai, H., Marks, W. D., Yamamoto, J., Ogawa, S. K., & Kitamura, T. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.019 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The study of active avoidance: a platform for discussion
Diehl, M. M., Bravo-Rivera, C., & Quirk, G. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Levy, I., & Schiller, D. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.007 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors
Walsh, J. J., Christoffel, D. J., & Malenka, R. C. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01348-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Linking Social Cognition to Learning and Memory
Leblanc, H., & Ramirez, S. (2020) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1280-20.2020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Judging by the cover”: A grounded theory study of bullying towards same-country and immigrant peers
Mazzone, A., Thornberg, R., Stefanelli, S., Cadei, L., & Caravita, S. C. S. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Regnoli, G. M., Tiano, G., & De Rosa, B. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14040054 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
I've Seen Enough: Measuring the Toll of Content Moderation on Mental Health
Gauthier, G. M., Ali, E., Asim, A., Cornell-Maier, S., & Zoellner, L. A. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.09813
- Authors
- Debiec, J., & Olsson, A.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Olsson, Andreas
- ORCID
- Olsson, Andreas
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 546-555
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5507357
- OpenAlex
- W2620461957
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain & Behavior Research Foundation and Todd Ouida Clinical Scholar Award in Childhood Anxiety & Depression (K08 MH104743-01A1)
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2014.0237)
- European Research Council (284366)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- learned fear, avoidance behavior, intergenerational trauma, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Social Learning, Animals, Anxiety Disorders, Association Learning, Avoidance Learning, Fear, Humans, Learning, Models, Biological, Social Behavior, Models, Animal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
