Antioxidant Potential of Nature’s “Something Blue”: Something New in the Marriage of Biological Activity and Extraction Methods Applied to C-Phycocyanin
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a blue-colored natural pigment, is Spirulina's most crucial photosynthetic protein, and it is associated with this cyanobacteria's bioactivity. Many recent studies aimed at optimizing C-PC extraction from Spirulina using different protocols; however, the correlation between the extraction method (both lab scale experimental methods and industrial methods) and the antioxidant activity of the extract has not been explored yet.This review aimed to gather information regarding the most used C-PC extraction techniques from Spirulina in the last decade (2010–2020) and compare these biomolecules' antioxidant capacity with the extraction methodology applied. A density map was created by searching keywords related to C-PC extraction on Scopus, which guided the discussion on the C-PC extraction methods used and their impact on its bioactivity.The density map showed that the lowest density words represented factors that can influence, describe, or determine the success of C-PC extraction. In contrast, the most cited expressions were related to the methods. The compilation of literature on the influence of C-PC extraction on its antioxidant activity showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solvent extraction using water or buffer were the most used methods to extract C-PC from Spirulina in the last decade. However, the UAE does not seem to protect C-PC's bioactivity. Additionally, most studies of the previous ten years used a single method to determine C-PC's antioxidant activity. We concluded that C-PC's antioxidant activity needs to be appraised by more than one method using assays of different mechanisms to evaluate the extraction influence in its bioactivity in a panoramic way.
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Spirulina provides C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which offers potential health benefits due to its antioxidant activity.
“Spirulina also provides the high-value protein pigment C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which offers potential health benefits due to its antioxidant activity [58],”
From Valorization of Microalgae as Multifunctional Protein Sources in Plant-Based Systems: Structural, Functional, and Processing Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
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Phycocyanin from Spirulina: A Review of Extraction Methods and Stability
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- Authors
- Fratelli, C., Burck, M., Amarante, M. C. A., & Braga, A. R. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (BR)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Braga, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante
- Venue
- Trends in Food Science & Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 107
- Pages
- 309-323
- ISSN
- 0924-2244 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3095052205
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 8.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Food Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP (2018/01550-8, 2018/13408-1, 2020/07046-0, 2020/06732-7)
- CAPES
- CNPq
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- C-phycocyanin, Spirulina, antioxidant activity, extraction methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction, solvent extraction, cyanobacterial pigments, bioactivity retention, density maps
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