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Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Open accessAbstract
Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian rhythm disruption. These biological and behavioral effects of light are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), in addition to conventional rods and cones. We summarize the neurophysiology of this newly described sensory pathway and consider implications for the measurement, production, and application of light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.
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“For this reason, it has recently been proposed that lux is an inappropriate measure for estimation of the impact of light on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting, and other non -imageforming effects of retinal light exposure (35).”
From Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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“They also exhibit beneficial actions on cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function, maintaining metabolic homeostasis,38 and reducing inflammation.39,40”
From Total and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts (2015) · cites this paper as [40]
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“The best practices for measuring and reporting experimental light stimuli are outlined, and a freely available web-based Toolbox was provided that permits calculation of the effective irradiance experienced by each of the ipRGC, cone, and rod photoreceptors that, in turn, drive circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobeha…”
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Self-citationNeberich, M., & Opferkuch, F. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095131 · Cited by 16
“(simplified) [54,63]; dashed lines: spectral action of the other photoreceptors.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAmber light treatment produces hyperopia in tree shrews
Khanal, S., Norton, T. T., & Gawne, T. J. (2021) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12853 · Cited by 17
“Superimposed on the light spectra are the relative absorbances for the two classes of tree shrew cones (longwavelength sensitive, LWS; short- wavelength sensitive, SWS), produced by modifying the toolbox in Lucas et al.(73) using data from Petry and Hárosi(27) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.”
Circadian stimulus – A computation model with photometric and colorimetric quantities
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“DRL at the intensity provided in the study was expected to be physiologically inert with respect to the melanopsin pathway [30].”
MethodS-cone circuits in the primate retina for non-image-forming vision
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“A framework based on a - opic spectral sensitivity functions (Lucas et al., 2014) has since been adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) to describe the ability of optical radiation to trigger non-visual effects of light in humans (CIE, 2018).”
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Self-citationEffects of blue-enriched white light with same correlated colour temperature on visual fatigue
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“28 It has been pointed out that the physiological and behavioural light responses are driven by the combined influence of multiple photorecep-tive processes consisting of the melanopsin-driven phototransduction mechanism within the ipRGC and remote photoreception in rods and cones.”
BackgroundMethoddella Monica, C., Ravindran, K. K. G., Atzori, G., Lambert, D., Rodriguez-Garcia, T., Mahvash‐Mohammadi, S., Bartsch, U., Skeldon, A. C., Wells, K., Hampshire, A., et al. (2024) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6010010 · Cited by 17
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O'Keeffe, S., Beynon, A. L., Davies, J. S., Moynagh, P. N., & Coogan, A. N. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13553 · Cited by 16
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSuppression of salivary melatonin secretion under 100-Hz flickering and non-flickering blue light
Kozaki, T., Hidaka, Y., Takakura, J.-Y., & Kusano, Y. (2018) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-018-0183-9 · Cited by 18
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No Evidence That Frontal Eye Field tDCS Affects Latency or Accuracy of Prosaccades
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Functional integrity of visual coding following advanced photoreceptor degeneration
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“The power of all light stimuli (in microwatts/cm2) were measured at the sample focal plane using an in-line power meter (PM160T; ThorLabs), and units converted to photons per cm2/s using an irradiance toolbox (Lucas et al., 2014) from http://www.”
Self-citationSleep disturbance and gastrointestinal cancer risk: a literature review
Kamyab, P., Kouchaki, H., Motamed, M., Boroujeni, S. T., Akbari, H., & Tabrizi, R. (2023) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1177/10815589221140595 · Cited by 17
Vivarium Lighting as an Important Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research
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Analytical evolution of measurement methods for light's non-visual effects
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Usability and Acceptability of a Corneal-Plane α-Opic Light Logger in a 24-h Field Trial
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“First of all, this tristability could affect silent substitution; however, no effect on this technique has been identified so far (Lucas et al., 2014).”
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“Spectrally tunable lights are expected to be the future of lighting, as studies have shown that light is a significant stimulus in influencing the human biological clock [3], [4], where it has been found that the spectral composition of light strongly impacts human physiology and psychology [5], [6].”
BackgroundEvaluating Human Photoreceptoral Inputs from Night-Time Lights Using RGB Imaging Photometry
de Miguel, A. S., Bará, S., Aubé, M., Cardiel, N., Tapia, C. E., Jaime Zamorano, G., & Gaston, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging5040049 · Cited by 15
“A set of standard spectral sensitivity functions for the five photoreceptors has been experimentally determined and proposed for general use [16,17].”
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“The alpha-optic quantities of the lighting conditions (Lucas et al. 2014) as well as the IES Rf, IES Rg, and IES Rcs,h1 values are listed in Table 1.”
BackgroundApplication of Different Circadian Lighting Metrics in a Health Residence
Busatto, N., Mora, T. D., Peron, F., & Romagnoni, P. (2020) · Journal of Daylighting · doi:10.15627/jd.2020.2 · Cited by 15
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“Alternatively, or additionally, results from molecularly and phenotypically well clarified retinal diseases can be used to better understand and interpret human TPLRs.”
BackgroundInfluentialChange of circadian effect with colour temperature and eye spectral transmittance at different ages
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Optimizing Daylight Glare and Circadian Entrainment in a Daylight-Artificial Light Integrated Scheme
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“distribution and the α-opic illuminance, lighting researchers initiated the quantification of non-visual effects [5].”
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“Chronobiologists are increasingly moving toward measuring the physiological effects of light using the now-standard melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (m-EDI), which describes the properties of light in relation to the non-image forming ipRGC photoreceptors (Brown, 2020; Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKim, C., Yoon, H. C., Kim, D. H., & Rag, Y. (2018) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2018.2842124 · Cited by 15
“This biological action curve, called the circadian sensitivity function (C(λ)), shows a peak wavelength in the range of 450 ∼ 480 nm [5], [6], [10]–[13].”
BackgroundAdvanced melatonin onset relative to sleep in women with unmedicated major depressive disorder
Coleman, M. Y., McGlashan, E. M., Vidafar, P., Phillips, A. J. K., & Cain, S. W. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1644652 · Cited by 15
“Hourly light level checks at participant eye level via lux meter (Tektronix J17 LumaColor, Oregon, United States of America) ensured stable levels across the night, photopic lux M = 0.120 (melanopic lux ~0.082; Lucas et al. 2014), range = 0.011–0.287.”
BackgroundInfluentialQuantification assessment of light pollution of façade lighting display in Shenzhen, China
Yao, Q., Wang, H., Dai, Q., & Shi, F. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.390479 · Cited by 15
A Review of Silent Substitution Devices for Melanopsin Stimulation in Humans
Conus, V., & Geiser, M. H. (2020) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics7040121 · Cited by 15
“As already pointed out [44], the lack of consistent and adequate methods of quantifying light is a problem when comparing studies.”
BackgroundZfhx3 modulates retinal sensitivity and circadian responses to light
Hughes, S., Edwards, J. K., Wilcox, A. G., Pothecary, C. A., Barnard, A. R., Joynson, R., Joynson, G., Hankins, M. W., Peirson, S. N., Banks, G. T., et al. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100563r · Cited by 14
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“The standard builds on metrology recommendations from an international consensus of independent experts in circadian and neurophysiological photometry (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUtilization of far-red LED to minimize blue light hazard for dynamic semiconductor lighting
Nie, J., Chen, Z., Jiao, F., Chen, Y., Zhan, J., Chen, Y., Pan, Z., Kang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., et al. (2022) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2022.2043163 · Cited by 14
“intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) (Lucas et al. 2014).”
Altered circadian behavior and light sensing in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease
Weigel, T. K., Guo, C. L., Güler, A. D., & Ferris, H. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1218193 · Cited by 15
“Illuminance was measured in lux, and photon flux, summed from 380 to 780nm, was calculated using formulas in the supplementary materials in Lucas et al., 2014.”
Impact of repeated short light exposures on sustained pupil responses in an fMRI environment
Beckers, E., Campbell, I., Sharifpour, R., Paparella, I., Berger, A., Aizpurua, J. F. B., Koshmanova, E., Mortazavi, N., Talwar, P., Sherif, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14085 · Cited by 15
“The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), expressing the photo-pigment melanopsin, constitute a distinct class of retinal photoreceptors heavily involved in mediating the NIF impacts of light (Berson et al., 2002; Lucas et al., 2014).”
Koster, D., Rafiee, A., & Brembilla, E. (2025) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2025.106149 · Cited by 14
Wallace, D. A., Evenson, K. R., Isasi, C. R., Patel, S. R., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Zee, P. C., Redline, S. S., Scheer, F. A. J. L., & Sofer, T. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178839 · Cited by 14
“Due to the limited spectral resolution of the Actiwatch, we did not derive measures such as the Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (m-EDI) (Lucas et al., 2014; Brown, 2020), a standard adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)(CIE, 2018); we also did not consider results…”
Choi, K., & Suk, H. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107046 · Cited by 14
Prediction accuracy of L- and M-cone based human pupil light models
Zandi, B., Klabes, J., & Khanh, T. Q. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67593-3 · Cited by 14
Chakraborty, R., Collins, M. J., Kricancic, H., Moderiano, D., Davis, B. A., Alonso‐Caneiro, D., Yi, F., & Baskaran, K. (2021) · Journal of Optometry · doi:10.1016/j.optom.2020.12.001 · Cited by 18
“s estimated using the toolbox by Lucas et al).(41) For both 1 s stimulus and 5 s stimulus, pupil re-dilation was slower after blue stimulation compared to red stimulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDiakite, A., Weber, N., & Knoop, M. (2022) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2021.1989310 · Cited by 14
“Although NIF responses caused by ocular exposure to daylight during the daytime are not well understood yet, it is almost certain that NIF effects are a result of the combined responses of all retinal photoreceptors (Lucas et al. 2014; Schlangen and Price 2021; Souman et al. 2018; Wirz-Justice et al. 2020; Zeitzer 201…”
BackgroundDefining the impact of melanopsin missense polymorphisms using in vivo functional rescue
Rodgers, J., Hughes, S., Pothecary, C. A., Brown, L. A., Hickey, D. G., Peirson, S. N., & Hankins, M. W. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy150 · Cited by 14
“photosensitivity, ipRGCs also receive input from rods and cones (5), and thus ipRGC output represents a complex interaction between rod, cone and melanopsin-driven responses (6).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMelanopsin: photoreceptors, physiology and potential
Palumaa, T., Gilhooley, M. J., Jagannath, A., Hankins, M. W., Hughes, S., & Peirson, S. N. (2018) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2018.08.001 · Cited by 14
Self-citationCanazei, M., Bassa, D., Jiménez, P., Papousek, I., Fink, A., & Weiss, E. M. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1604539 · Cited by 14
“In the following Table 1, a complete characterization of the light stimulus, using the SI-compliant version of the Lucas et al. (Lucas et al. 2014) toolbox published by CIE (available under: http://files.cie.co.at/784_ TN003_Toolbox.xls), is given.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFast Fourier-transform calculation of artificial night sky brightness maps
Bará, S., Falchi, F., Furgoni, R., & Lima, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106658 · Cited by 14
Sithravel, R., & Ibrahim, R. (2019) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x19889656 · Cited by 15
“Daytime architectural lighting requirements for supporting the diurnal circadian rhythm and acute alerting effects could differ from that of the night-time period.(1,12,24,69,76) This calls for varying light exposures to relate to the IPWI time-ofthe-day effects.”
BackgroundInfluentialMansfield, K., & Raynham, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89862-5_115 · Cited by 14
Chakraborty, R., Baranton, K., Pic, E., Didone, J., Kim, W., Lam, K., Papandrea, A., Kousa, J., Bhasme, T., Edmonds, C., et al. (2024) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.13390 · Cited by 13
“The lighting characteristics and individual photoreceptor excitation ( α - opic lux) for different narrowband wavelengths 44 are shown in Table 1 and were calculated using the CIE alpha-opic toolbox (files.cie.co.at/CIE%20S%20,026%20 alpha-opic%20Toolbox.xlsx).”
Exposure to bright light biases effort-based decisions.
Bijleveld, E., & Knufinke, M. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000244 · Cited by 15
Esaki, Y., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., Iwata, N., & Kitajima, T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.034 · Cited by 13
Li, Y., Fang, W., Qiu, H., Dong, W., Wang, J., & Bao, H. (2023) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2023.2279946 · Cited by 16
“…reported that ipRGCs also receive signals from classical photoreceptors in the fovea centralis of the retina and combine these inputs to comprehensively influence visual and nonvisual responses (Houser et al. 2021; Lucas et al. 2012, 2014), which are collectively called photobiological effects.”
BackgroundAliparast, S., & Onaygıl, S. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14040936 · Cited by 13
Longcore, T., Villanueva, S. A. M. B., Nguyen-Ngo, K., Ghiani, C. A., Harrison, B., & Colwell, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.247235 · Cited by 13
Efficient Daylighting: The Importance of Glazing Transmittance and Room Surface Reflectance
Escobar, I., Aporta, J., & Sánchez-Cano, A. I. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14103108 · Cited by 13
Local Sleep Taking Care of High-Maintenance Cortical Circuits under Sleep Restriction
Fisher, S. P., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4156 · Cited by 13
Esaki, Y., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., Iwata, N., & Kitajima, T. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420968886 · Cited by 12
“A previous study suggested that photopic illuminance (lux) is an inadequate measure of the impact of light on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting and other nonimage-forming effects of retinal light exposure (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLight Input to the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Dannerfjord, A. A., Brown, L. A., Foster, F., & Peirson, S. N. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0381-9_18 · Cited by 12
Self-citationVinh, T. Q., Babilon, S., Myland, P., & Khanh, T. Q. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031132 · Cited by 15
“, the calculation of α-opic quantities [87–89], equivalent melanopic lux [90,91], etc.”
BackgroundSpectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype
Zauner, J., Plischke, H., & Strasburger, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253030 · Cited by 13
“In summary, by addressing the effects of time since light onset, the ipRGC’s influence on PLR has become evident for narrowband stimuli [18].”
BackgroundCao, D., & Barrionuevo, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Solid State Lighting · doi:10.1186/s40539-015-0030-0 · Cited by 16
“this issue by considering melanopsin activation [56, 57].”
Preliminary measure for the characterization of the usefulness of light sources
Vinh, T. Q., Bodrogi, P., & Khanh, T. Q. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.014538 · Cited by 13
Driller, M. W., & Uiga, L. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1588287 · Cited by 14
“The spectrometry and wave-length of the light emitted by the iPad is reported using methods and techniques described previously (Lucas et al. 2014) via the online tool found at fluxometer.com.”
MethodBlue light effect on EEG activity – The role of exposure timing and chronotype
Siemiginowska, P., & Iskra‐Golec, I. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519876969 · Cited by 13
The flicker Pupil Light Response (fPLR)
Adhikari, P., Feigl, B., & Zele, A. J. (2019) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.8.5.29 · Cited by 14
“a Lucas et al.(47) b FWHM, full width at half maximum (nm).”
BackgroundDavid, A., Sahlhoff, D., & Wisser, M. D. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.031553 · Cited by 13
Pun, T. B., Phillips, C. L., Marshall, N. S., Comas, M., Hoyos, C. M., D'Rozario, A. L., Bartlett, D. J., Davis, W., Hu, W., Naismith, S. L., et al. (2022) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep4030030 · Cited by 13
“The human circadian system is most sensitive to short-wavelength light (peaked around 480 nm), unlike the visual system with the peak sensitivity at 555 nm [20,83].”
BackgroundLong wavelength light reduces the negative consequences of dim light at night
Wang, H. B., Zhou, D., Luk, S. H. C., Cha, H. I., Mac, A., Chae, R., Matynia, A., Harrison, B. J., Afshari, S., Block, G. D., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105944 · Cited by 13
“photoreceptors (Hattar et al., 2002; Dacey et al., 2005; Lucas et al., 2012; Van Diepen et al., 2021) with the rods driving the circadian response to low-intensity light (Altimus et al.”
Kim, A. B., Beaver, E. M., Collins, S., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Lockley, S. W., Wong, K. Y., & Yan, L. (2023) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304231170068 · Cited by 11
“uk/measuringmelanopicilluminance), which was developed off a toolbox for humans (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRen, H., Zhang, Q., Ren, Y., Zhou, Q., Yuan, F., Huang, L., & Li, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173535 · Cited by 12
“Specifically, the suprachiasmatic nucleus controls awakening or sleep via circadian regulation of melatonin secretion (115).”
BackgroundIntegrative Lighting Design: How to Optimize Visual and Non-visual Effects in a Cell Office
Bellia, L., Fragliasso, F., Seraceni, M., Hera Luce – 40127 Bologna, I., & Sodano, G. (2023) · Journal of Daylighting · doi:10.15627/jd.2023.16 · Cited by 12
“Among the most known, there are: the model of human circadian phototransduction, developed by Rea et al. which introduces the Circadian Stimulus (CS) [30–33] and the model by Lucas et al. [ 34 – 36 ] on which the CIE S 026 based the Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (EDI) [37,38].”
BackgroundGagné, V., Turgeon, R., Jomphe, V., Demers, C. M. H., & Hébert, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390614 · Cited by 13
Comparative analysis of circadian lighting models: melanopic illuminance vs. circadian stimulus
Huang, Y., Li, J., & Dai, Q. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.532207 · Cited by 15
Redefining artificial lighting through spectral engineering of light sources for well-being
Moreno, Ó., Fuentes‐Hernandez, C., & Kippelen, B. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78315-4 · Cited by 12
“These metrics are defined based on standards 1,4,35 that account for sensitivity of melanopsin photopigment contained within the ipRGC, and CS and CL A take into account the effect of the transduction of light through the front of the eye.”
Xu, J., Gao, Y., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115364 · Cited by 12
Zivcevska, M., Blakeman, A. W., Lei, S., Goltz, H. C., & WONG, A. M. F. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24639 · Cited by 13
Yang, M., Chen, Q., Zhu, Y., Zhou, Q., Geng, Y., Lu, C., Wang, G., & Yang, C.-M. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519828414 · Cited by 12
Chronic constant light exposure aggravates high fat diet-induced renal injury in rats
Lin, X., Wu, S., Shi, Y., Yue, F., Lin, W., Russell, R., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.900392 · Cited by 12
“Wavelength composition varies throughout the day and studies have shown that spectral variations have very distinct impacts on different circadian, behavioral and physiological responses (50).”
BackgroundFavero, F., Löwden, A., Bresin, R., & Ejhed, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021144 · Cited by 12
A system to measure the pupil response to steady lights in freely behaving mice
Bushnell, M., Umino, Y., & Solessio, E. C. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.08.001 · Cited by 13
Khademagha, P. P., Aries, M. M., Rosemann, A. L. P., & van Loenen, E. J. (2018) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6501/aac937 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, the relative contributions to the total irradiance values from each fiber were weighted by three action spectra: the C(λ) curve which represents an action spectrum for the NIF system [10], the melanopic curve that represents the action spectrum of ipRGCs [7] and the V(λ) curve as the action spectrum for phot…”
MethodYang, C., Yang, P., Liang, S., & Wang, T. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153519884097 · Cited by 12
The Circadian Effect Versus Mesopic Vision Effect in Road Lighting Applications
Li, M., Wu, P., Ding, J., Yao, Q., & Ju, J. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10196975 · Cited by 11
“Lucas proposed equivalent melanopic lux (EML) [5] based on melatonin spectral sensitivity.”
BackgroundInfluentialInfluence of common lighting conditions and time-of-day on the effort-related cardiac response
Zauner, J., Plischke, H., Stijnen, H., Schwarz, U. T., & Strasburger, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239553 · Cited by 13
“When describing the NIF stimulus, the main focus is on ipRGC sensitivity, and, to a lesser degree, on the spatial distribution of light in the visual field [12, 13].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. J., Peirson, S. N., Berson, D. M., Brown, T. M., Cooper, H. M., Czeisler, C. A., Figueiro, M. G., Gamlin, P. D., Lockley, S. W., O’Hagan, J. B., Price, L. L. A., Provencio, I., Skene, D. J., & Brainard, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Brown University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Robert J.
- Brainard, George C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4699304
- OpenAlex
- W2106496774
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 20
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021086/1, BB/I007296/1, BB/K002252/1, BB/I017836/1)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY012793, R01EY017137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, non-visual photoreception, circadian regulation, phototherapy, light measurement, artificial lighting design, circadian rhythm disruption, mood disorders, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoreceptor Cells, Phototherapy, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins
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