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Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Open accessAbstract
Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian rhythm disruption. These biological and behavioral effects of light are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), in addition to conventional rods and cones. We summarize the neurophysiology of this newly described sensory pathway and consider implications for the measurement, production, and application of light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.
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“For this reason, it has recently been proposed that lux is an inappropriate measure for estimation of the impact of light on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting, and other non -imageforming effects of retinal light exposure (35).”
From Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“They also exhibit beneficial actions on cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function, maintaining metabolic homeostasis,38 and reducing inflammation.39,40”
From Total and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts (2015) · cites this paper as [40]
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Citations
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BackgroundThe law of reciprocity holds (more or less) for circadian-effective lighting
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Self-citationLight, Sound, and Melatonin: Investigating Multisensory Pathways for Visual Restoration
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InfluentialOptimizing the Potential Utility of Blue-Blocking Glasses for Sleep and Circadian Health
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“From the public health viewpoint light could be sensibly considered without too much exaggeration as a drug: it interacts with the human body and is able to cause both beneficial and negative effects, even concurrently and in a single person and context.(36) This issue deserves at least some careful consideration.”
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“Luminance values were converted to melanopic illuminance and log quanta using the Irradiance Toolbox [32] (see Table 2).”
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Evaluation of lighting alternatives in terms of human centric lighting: The case of office
Kaplan, E., & Öztürk, L. (2022) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.999763 · Cited by 3
Li, S., Zhao, X., Tao, Z., Wei, B., Ding, W., & Dai, Q. (2022) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2022.3225427 · Cited by 3
“The five α -opic illuminances can serve as a comprehensive measure of all the potential photoreceptive inputs to circadian and neurophysiological light responses [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialSilent stimulation of cones: a comparison between the ERG and PLR responses
Gibertoni, G., Irungovel, A. B. P., Viswanáthan, S., & Rovati, L. L. (2023) · Ophthalmic Technologies · doi:10.1117/12.2647380 · Cited by 3
“referred to this quantity as equivalent α-opic illuminance Eα (α-lux), where α can be one of the five aforementioned photo-sensitives cells.(16) Thus, Eα can be expressed as follows:”
BackgroundKhanie, M. S., Illum, T., Hosseinpour, N., Matsuo, K., Fan, X., & Wargocki, P. L. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202339601106 · Cited by 4
Non-visual daylight potential in offices: a parametric study
Gkouvelou, E., Moskoveli, D., & Khanie, M. S. (2023) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012081 · Cited by 3
“[15] (melanopsin spectral sensitivity curve), recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).”
He, M., Chen, H., Li, S., Ru, T., Chen, Q., & Zhou, G. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14113 · Cited by 3
“Notably, it has been previously shown that the ipRGCs, rods, and cones all contribute to both vision and the NIF effects of light (Houser et al., 2021; Joyce et al., 2016; Lucas et al., 2014).”
Aliparast, S., & Onaygıl, S. (2023) · Light & Engineering · doi:10.33383/2023-052 · Cited by 3
Costa, J. F. W., Amorim, C. N. D., & Silva, J. C. R. (2024) · Journal of Daylighting · doi:10.15627/jd.2024.1 · Cited by 3
“Mel-EDI is a scalar multiplier of melanopic lux (EML), and mel-EDI can be easily obtained by multiplying by 0.9058 the value of the melanopic illuminance calculated according to the method proposed by Lucas et al. [42,46,47].”
MethodInfluentialExperimental investigation of the impact of model complexity on indoor daylight spectral simulations
Potočnik, J., Pajek, L., & Košir, M. (2024) · Developments in the Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100543 · Cited by 3
Aghaei, H., Askaripoor, T., Meshkinian, A., & Ghaffari, M. E. (2025) · Health Scope · doi:10.5812/healthscope-160312 · Cited by 3
Gaviria, V. G., Díaz, L. A., & Herreño-Téllez, E. (2020) · ACE Arquitectura Ciudad y Entorno · doi:10.5821/ace.15.43.8903 · Cited by 3
Células ganglionares fotosensibles: una población diminuta pero esencial
Vidal‐Villegas, B., Gallego‐Ortega, A., de Imperial‐Ollero, J. A. M., Martínez-de-la-Casa, J. M., Feijoo, J. G., & Vidal‐Sanz, M. (2020) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología · doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2020.06.032 · Cited by 4
17.2: Invited Paper: Influence of Blue Light from Smartphone on Visual Fatigue
Tu, Y., Shi, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., & Yang, Y. (2021) · SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers · doi:10.1002/sdtp.14396 · Cited by 3
“In order to quantify the difference of blue light distributions, the human IWCNP action spectra function [18, 20] was applied, and the human retinal photoreceptor weighted “α-opic” (equivalent) illuminance results were shown in Table 1.”
MethodKlir, S., Fathia, R., Babilon, S., Benkner, S., & Khanh, T. Q. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11199062 · Cited by 3
Gamlin, P. D. (2022) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2577-4_7 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPrzybyla, M. (2018) · Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4) · doi:10.1109/lumenv.2018.8521171 · Cited by 3
“These are newly approved rendering indices Rf (Fidelity Index) and Rg (Gamut Index), according to IES 978-1-5386-7924-1/18/$31.00 © 2018 IEEE TM-30-15, Spectral Analysis as a basis for effective lighting verification, Equivalent melanopic lux (EML) suggested by LRC (lighting Research Center) [8] and used by WELL Build…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLight for Life: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges for Using Light to Influence Well‐Being
Veitch, J. A. (2015) · Information Display · doi:10.1002/j.2637-496x.2015.tb00856.x · Cited by 3
Rodenbeck, A., Neuwirth, M., Özgüc, R., & Wiater, A. H. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00229-5 · Cited by 3
“EV vis auf mittlerer Augenhöhe von 1,7m und K wurden photometrisch gemessen, die mlx berechnet [11].”
BackgroundChromatic pupillometry for the characterization of the pupillary light reflex in Octodon degus
Castán, N. P., Harcha, P. A., Neira, D., & Palacios, A. G. (2019) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107866 · Cited by 3
Fetal stage melanopsin (OPN4) and GNAQ (Gαq) signaling regulates vascular development of the eyePreprint
Vemaraju, S., Nayak, G., Miller, W. E., Copenhagen, D. R., & Lang, R. A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/537225 · Cited by 3
Light in the built environment: The ceiling is not the limit
Figueiro, M. G. (2019) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.05.010 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLiterature review - Energy saving potential of user-centered integrated lighting solutions
Altomonte, S., Naves, C., Ciampi, G., Garcia-Hansen, V., Gentile, N., Gkaintatzi-Masouti, M., Lee, E. S., MASKARENJ, M., Osterhaus, W., Obradovic, B., et al. (2021) · doi:10.18777/ieashc-task61-2021-0013 · Cited by 3
Kahan, A., Kassraian, P., Altermatt, M., & Gradinaru, V. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4052008 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. J., Peirson, S. N., Berson, D. M., Brown, T. M., Cooper, H. M., Czeisler, C. A., Figueiro, M. G., Gamlin, P. D., Lockley, S. W., O’Hagan, J. B., Price, L. L. A., Provencio, I., Skene, D. J., & Brainard, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Brown University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Robert J.
- Brainard, George C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4699304
- OpenAlex
- W2106496774
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 20
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021086/1, BB/I007296/1, BB/K002252/1, BB/I017836/1)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY012793, R01EY017137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, non-visual photoreception, circadian regulation, phototherapy, light measurement, artificial lighting design, circadian rhythm disruption, mood disorders, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoreceptor Cells, Phototherapy, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins
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