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Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Open accessAbstract
Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and circadian rhythm disruption. These biological and behavioral effects of light are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), in addition to conventional rods and cones. We summarize the neurophysiology of this newly described sensory pathway and consider implications for the measurement, production, and application of light. A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.
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“For this reason, it has recently been proposed that lux is an inappropriate measure for estimation of the impact of light on melatonin suppression, circadian-phase shifting, and other non -imageforming effects of retinal light exposure (35).”
From Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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“They also exhibit beneficial actions on cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function, maintaining metabolic homeostasis,38 and reducing inflammation.39,40”
From Total and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts (2015) · cites this paper as [40]
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“, lux or cd/m2) are familiar to engineers and vision researchers, but should not be used for nonvisual light responses including the pupillary light reflex (130).”
BackgroundQuality of sleep and anxiety are related to circadian preference in university students
Cardoso, V. M., Magalhães, J. E. D. M., & Duarte, L. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238514 · Cited by 87
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“When performing experiments during an animal’s dark cycle, researchers should consider transporting animals in darkness, using very dim red or dim infrared light in experimental spaces and taking care to avoid incidental light (such as computer screens, timers or LEDs on equipment).”
Telling the Time with a Broken Clock: Quantifying Circadian Disruption in Animal Models
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Self-citationImpacts of Dynamic LED Lighting on the Well-Being and Experience of Office Occupants
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“Hence, photometric quantities, like illuminance (E) or correlated colour temperature (CCT) are related to vision, and therefore not appropriate for describing non-image forming effects [11].”
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“It does, however, receive input from both rods and cones and may hence also be indirectly sensitive to light in those parts of the spectrum (Lucas et al. 2014).”
BackgroundDoes the iPad night shift mode reduce melatonin suppression?
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BackgroundDaylight performance analysis of TiO2@W-VO2 thermochromic smart glazing in office buildings
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“In mammals, circadian timekeeping is organized into a multi-oscillator system operating in a hierarchical manner, with the SCN as a master oscillator [20].”
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Self-citationShort blue light pulses (30 min) in the morning support a sleep-advancing protocol in a home setting
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“Subjects were instructed to expose themselves to either 30 min of high-intensity blue light (Philips GoLite BLU HF3320, peak transmission at 470 nm, intensity at the cornea 2306 melanopiclux [Lucas et al., 2014], 300 photopic lux, 3.”
MethodDisruption of Circadian Rhythms by Light During Day and Night
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“(41) While this toolbox is helpful for equating the stimulus–response relationships employed in different studies, as well as for relating research findings to lighting conditions in the field, it provides no indication of the circadian system’s response to light stimulus.”
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“Table 1 specifies the relative photoreceptor excitation (a-opic lux) for each irradiance/wavelength combination (Lucas et al., 2014).”
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“We recognise that in the future it may be possible to measure melanopic lux or melanopic/photopic lux ratios (Lucas et al. 2014) using wearable devices.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLight therapy in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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“Lucas emphasises the importance of more precise measures of light (Lucas et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodHuiberts, L., Smolders, K. C. H. J., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1324471 · Cited by 67
“These were computed using the toolbox developed by Lucas et al. (2014), assuming healthy human eyes (32 years old) and dilated pupils (7 mm).”
Measuring circadian lighting through high dynamic range photography
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“However, these cone dominated matrices are not sufficient to quantify light properties for IIL responses as all photoreceptors (rods, cones and ipRGCs) may contribute to IIL responses and their contributions may vary depending on light’s spectrum, intensity, temporal pattern, spatial pattern and as well as individual…”
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“Since present findings suggest that daytime blue light acutely affects light-induced melatonin suppression, non-visual photoreceptors, such as melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells [mRGCs] [11, 15, 30-32], might be involved in its prevention.”
BackgroundMethodLoss of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells in Severely Staged Glaucoma Patients
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The pattern of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
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“, 2010), are preferentially sensitive to short-wavelength light (Lucas et al., 2014) and, in theory, may also contribute to blue color discrimination.”
McGlashan, E. M., Nandam, L. S., Vidafar, P., Mansfield, D. R., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Cain, S. W. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5019-0 · Cited by 60
iPhone‐based Pupillometry: A Novel Approach for Assessing the Pupillary Light Reflex
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“These have receivedmuch attention because of their involvement in non-visual control of the sleep hormone melatonin [2].”
BackgroundFunctional decoupling of melatonin suppression and circadian phase resetting in humans
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“Though, novel methodologies of light measurement to quantify the effective for the circadian clock irradiance are needed (Lucas et al., 2014).”
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Self-citationCorrelated colour temperature of morning light influences alertness and body temperature
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Optical performance characterization of light-logging actigraphy dosimeters
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“Besides rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the retina, there are more recently discovered retinal photoreceptor cells that are responsible for the non–image forming perception of light intensity.(14) These are the M1 type, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which modulate, among others, the…”
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BackgroundNo evidence for an S cone contribution to acute neuroendocrine and alerting responses to light
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucas, R. J., Peirson, S. N., Berson, D. M., Brown, T. M., Cooper, H. M., Czeisler, C. A., Figueiro, M. G., Gamlin, P. D., Lockley, S. W., O’Hagan, J. B., Price, L. L. A., Provencio, I., Skene, D. J., & Brainard, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Brown University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Robert J.
- Brainard, George C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4699304
- OpenAlex
- W2106496774
- Cited by
- 1,278
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 20
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021086/1, BB/I007296/1, BB/K002252/1, BB/I017836/1)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY012793, R01EY017137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, non-visual photoreception, circadian regulation, phototherapy, light measurement, artificial lighting design, circadian rhythm disruption, mood disorders, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Photoreceptor Cells, Phototherapy, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins
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