Peri-pubertal exposure to testicular hormones organizes response to novel environments and social behaviour in adult male rats
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Previous research has shown that exposure to testicular hormones during the peri-pubertal period of life has long-term, organizational effects on adult sexual behaviour and underlying neural mechanisms in laboratory rodents. However, the organizational effects of peri-pubertal testicular hormones on other aspects of behaviour and brain function are less well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of manipulating peri-pubertal testicular hormone exposure on later behavioural responses to novel environments and on hormone receptors in various brain regions that are involved in response to novelty. Male rodents generally spend less time in the exposed areas of novel environments than females, and this sex difference emerges during the peri-pubertal period. Male Lister-hooded rats (Rattus norvegicus) were castrated either before puberty or after puberty, then tested in three novel environments (elevated plus-maze, light-dark box, open field) and in an object/social novelty task in adulthood. Androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor (ER1) and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF-R2) mRNA expression were quantified in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and medial amygdala. The results showed that pre-pubertally castrated males spent more time in the exposed areas of the elevated-plus maze and light-dark box than post-pubertally castrated males, and also confirmed that peri-pubertal hormone exposure influences later response to an opposite-sex conspecific. Hormone receptor gene expression levels did not differ between pre-pubertally and post-pubertally castrated males in any of the brain regions examined. This study therefore demonstrates that testicular hormone exposure during the peri-pubertal period masculinizes later response to novel environments, although the neural mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.
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Puberty leads to the development of novel social behaviors and responses to newly emerging social contexts.
“More specifically, puberty leads to the development of novel social behaviors and responses to newly emerging social contexts (Brown et al., 2015).”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 2015
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Gonadal Hormonal Influences on the Adolescent Brain and Trajectories of Behavioral Development
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- Authors
- Brown, G. R., Kulbarsh, K. D., Spencer, K. A., & Duval, C.
- Affiliations
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Gillian R.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 73
- Pages
- 135-141
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4550464
- OpenAlex
- W1598402660
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust ISSF (097831/Z/11/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- androgen exposure, organizational effects of hormones, castration, novelty response, sex differences in behavior, social novelty, androgen receptor, oestrogen receptor, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor, hypothalamus, hippocampus, medial amygdala, masculinization, male rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Male, Receptors, Androgen, Receptors, Estrogen, Sexual Maturation, Social Behavior, Testicular Hormones, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Rats
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