The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM
Open accessAbstract
With the advent of new analysis methods in neuroimaging that involve independent component analysis (ICA) and dynamic causal modelling (DCM), investigations have focused on measuring both the activity and connectivity of specific brain networks. In this study we combined DCM with spatial ICA to investigate network switching in the brain. Using time courses determined by ICA in our dynamic causal models, we focused on the dynamics of switching between the default mode network (DMN), the network which is active when the brain is not engaging in a specific task, and the central executive network (CEN), which is active when the brain is engaging in a task requiring attention. Previous work using Granger causality methods has shown that regions of the brain which respond to the degree of subjective salience of a stimulus, the salience network, are responsible for switching between the DMN and the CEN (Sridharan et al., 2008). In this work we apply DCM to ICA time courses representing these networks in resting state data. In order to test the repeatability of our work we applied this to two independent datasets. This work confirms that the salience network drives the switching between default mode and central executive networks and that our novel technique is repeatable.
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The salience network (SN) has been implicated in switching between these networks and in processing self-relevant emotional information.
“The SN has been implicated in switching between these networks and in processing self-relevant emotional information (Goulden et al., 2014; Kaiser et al., 2015b).”
From Understanding and predicting future relapse in depression from resting state functional connectivity and self-referential processing (2023) · cites this paper as Goulden et al., 2014
The Discussion confirms that the salience network is key to switching between the default mode and central executive networks. The Introduction says it responds to subjective salience, including emotional salience, but does not specifically say it processes self-relevant emotional information. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe VLPFC-anterior insula have been shown to form a fronto-insular functional node implicated in switching between salience and executive control networks.
“Together, the VLPFC-anterior insula have been shown to form a fronto-insular functional node implicated in switching between salience and executive control networks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goulden et al., 2014
The Introduction identifies the VLPFC and anterior insula together as the fronto-insular cortex, a component of the salience network. The Discussion implicates these regions in network switching, but specifies switching between the default mode and central executive networks—not between the salience and executive control networks. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“Although showing strong intranetwork functional connectivity, the DMN is also related to other networks, including the sensorimotor (SMN) (10), salience (SN) (11, 12), and central executive (CEN) (12, 13) networks with the relationships between networks being either positive (i.”
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“…within these two networks by regulating the switching between internal or externally generated cognitive demands of the functionally competing DMN and CEN networks, depending upon the saliency ascribed (Seeley et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2009; Sridharan et al., 2008; Goulden et al., 2014).”
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Connectivity patterns during music listening: Evidence for action‐based processing in musicians
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“Furthermore, the authors summarize studies that describe how a special set of neurons, the von Economo, are found only in the SN, and that the structural and functional connections between these regions is strengthened by age, which thereby result in flexible and adaptive behavior [Goulden et al., 2014].”
BackgroundInfluentialTahmasian, M., Noori, K., Samea, F., Zarei, M., Spiegelhalder, K., Eickhoff, S. B., Someren, E. J. W. V., Khazaie, H., & Eickhoff, C. R. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
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Anterior insula regulates brain network transitions that gate conscious access
Huang, Z., Tarnal, V., Vlisides, P. E., Janke, E., McKinney, A., Picton, P., Mashour, G. A., & Hudetz, A. G. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109081 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…Granger causality analysis (Chiong et al., 2013; Moran et al., 2013; Palaniyappan et al., 2013; Sridharan et al., 2008; Supekar and Menon, 2012; Uddin et al., 2011), dynamic causal modeling (Goulden et al., 2014), and Bayesian network learning (Li et al., 2018) of fMRI data in awake subjects.”
Better living through understanding the insula: Why subregions can make all the difference
Centanni, S. W., Janes, A. C., Haggerty, D. L., Atwood, B. K., & Hopf, F. W. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108765 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Salience-driven attention shifts may relate to AINS importance for switching between large-scale brain networks (Sridharan et al., 2008; Goulden et al., 2014) (see also Corbetta et al., 2008), especially between the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network, which support…”
BackgroundDai, L., Zhou, H., Xu, X., & Zuo, Z. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8170 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“to the default state-preferred ‘‘default state’’ (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Demetriou, L., Kowalczyk, O. S., Tyson, G., Bello, T., Newbould, R. D., & Wall, M. B. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.011 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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“, 2013); related work supports the same interpretation based on inferences from a Granger causality model (Goulden et al., 2014).”
MethodHilger, K., Ekman, M., Fiebach, C. J., & Basten, U. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Emmanuelle Volle, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316556238.020 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Impaired integration in psychopathy: A unified theory of psychopathic dysfunction.
Hamilton, R. K. B., Racer, K. H., & Newman, J. P. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039703 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“In this way the SN modulates the activity of other large-scale functional networks and flexibly enables behavioral adaptation (Goulden et al., 2014; Menon & Uddin, 2010; Uddin, Supekar, Ryali, & Menon, 2011).”
BackgroundEllard, K. K., Zimmerman, J. P., Kaur, N., Dijk, K. R. A. V., Roffman, J. L., Nierenberg, A. A., Dougherty, D. D., Deckersbach, T., & Camprodon, J. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.01.013 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Recent research has provided evidence of the anterior insula’s role as a major hub implicated in predicting changing regulatory control demands and facilitating switching between default mode and executive control networks (45, 50, 52).”
BackgroundResultShi, L., Sun, J., Xia, Y., Ren, Z., Chen, Q., Wei, D., Yang, W., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The exercise–cognition relationship: A virtuous circle
Audiffren, M. F., & André, N. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“It underpins the mechanism of effort, making decisions about the direction and the intensity of the behavioral response in a specific situation (i.e., fight, flight, submission to a higher-ranking individual, resignation, computation of the amount of invested effort, etc.), and switching between the DMN and the CEN.15…”
BackgroundBrain Dynamics Underlying Cognitive Flexibility Across the Lifespan
Kupis, L. B., Goodman, Z. T., Kornfeld, S., Hoang, S., Romero, C., Dirks, B., Dehoney, J., Chang, C. E., Spreng, R. N., Nomi, J. S., et al. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab156 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Cortical Networks in Psychopathy
Philippi, C. L., Pujara, M. S., Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5010-14.2015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lefebvre, S., Demeulemeester, M., Leroy, A., Delmaire, C., Lopes, R., Pins, D., Thomas, P., & Jardri, R. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23197 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“As the anterior insula is involved in the control of the DMN/CEN switch [Goulden et al., 2014; Uddin, 2015], some authors have hypothesized that impairments in the processing of salient stimuli may Abbreviations AHRS Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale CEN Central executive network CGI Clinical…”
BackgroundHobeika, L., Diard‐Detoeuf, C., Garcin, B., Levy, R., & Volle, E. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23149 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Recent studies have postulated that the salience network drives switching between the frontoparietal control and the default mode networks [Goulden et al., 2014; Jilka et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008], allowing for the engagement of the brain’s attentional and higher order control processes…”
BackgroundChand, G. B., & Dhamala, M. (2015) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2015.0379 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Recent studies have consistently demonstrated that the rAI of the SN drives the DMN and CEN for different tasks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
Anderson, R. J., Hoy, K. E., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.08.015 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…suggests that the SN, primarily the fronto-insula cortex, plays a causal role in driving switching between DMN and CEN (Sridharan et al., 2008; Goulden et al., 2014), and that depression is associated with abnormal switching between DMN and CEN (e.g., Menon, 2011; Manoliu et al., 2014) and…”
BackgroundWylie, G. R., Yao, B., Genova, H. M., Chen, M. H., & DeLuca, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78768-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Weber-Goericke, F., & Muehlhan, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.049 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
McKinnon, M. C., Boyd, J. E., Frewen, P. A., Lanius, U. F., Jetly, R., Richardson, J. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sidlauskaite, J., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Roeyers, H., & Wiersema, J. R. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0630-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Schurz, M., Maliske, L., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wall, M. B., Pope, R. A., Freeman, T. P., Kowalczyk, O. S., Demetriou, L., Mokrysz, C., Hindocha, C., Lawn, W., Bloomfield, M., Freeman, A. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119841568 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Effects on the DMN (PCC+) and SAL (AI+) networks are extensive, while effects on the ECN (PCC−) network appear relatively minor.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, J., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Huang, H., Jia, Y., Zhong, S., Wu, X., Zhao, L., He, Y., Huang, L., et al. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9978-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sharaev, M., Zavyalova, V. V., Ushakov, V., Kartashov, S., & Velichkovsky, B. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00014 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Combination of ICA and DCM was used to confirm the finding of Sridharan et al. (2008) that the Salience Network (SN) is a key for switching between the Central Executive Network (CEN) and the DMN (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodBrain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles
Santarnecchi, E., Sprugnoli, G., Tatti, E., Mencarelli, L., Neri, F., Momi, D., Di Lorenzo, G., Pascual-Leone, A., Rossi, S., & Rossi, A. (2018) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0583-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“FDR = false discovery rate; NBS = network-based statistics; FWE = family-wise error the consequent engagement of different other resting-state networks for processing such information, has been recently postulated (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCognitive Vulnerability to Major Depression
Wang, X., Öngür, D., Auerbach, R. P., & Yao, S. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000081 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“fronto-insular cortex, is responsible for switching DMNCEN interactions.(40,41,50,51) Briefly, during the externally oriented processing there is typically anti-correlated relationship between the DMN and CEN, which is regulated by the SN (see Figure 2).”
BackgroundTinnitus and the Triple Network Model: A Perspective
Ridder, D. D., Vanneste, S., Song, J., & Adhia, D. B. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.21053/ceo.2022.00815 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“and the central executive network [42-44].”
Functional Territories of Human Dentate Nucleus
Guell, X., D’Mello, A. M., Hubbard, N. A., Romeo, R. R., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Whitfield, S., Schmahmann, J. D., & Anteraper, S. A. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz247 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
An Integrative Model of Effortful Control
André, N., Audiffren, M. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00079 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Altered Triple Networks Interaction in Depression under Resting State Based on Graph Theory
Zheng, H., Xu, L., Xie, F., Guo, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Wu, X. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/386326 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“SN consists of dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI) [7].”
BackgroundRyali, S., Supekar, K., Chen, T., Kochalka, J., Cai, W., Nicholas, J., Padmanabhan, A., & Menon, V. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005138 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Working memory training mostly engages general-purpose large-scale networks for learning
Salmi, J., Nyberg, L., & Laine, M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.019 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“However, due to the domain-general role of this region, at least three different alternatives are worth noting here: the direct contribution of IFG on WM (Crottaz-Herbette et al., 2004; Goulden et al., 2014; Manelis and Reder, 2014) and memory encoding (Badre and Wagner, 2007), its role in language processing (see Lia…”
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 1: Introduction, Methods, and Significance
Baker, C. M., Burks, J. D., Briggs, R. G., Conner, A. K., Glenn, C. A., Sali, G., McCoy, T. M., Battiste, J. D., OʼDonoghue, D. L., & Sughrue, M. E. (2018) · Operative Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/ons/opy253 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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“SN plays a vital role in emotional control, processing of interoceptive states and modulating network switching between DMN and central executive network (CEN) (Devarajan, Levitin, & Vinod, 2008; Goulden et al., 2014; Terasawa, Fukushima, & Umeda, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat Executive Function Network is that? An Image-Based Meta-Analysis of Network Labels
Witt, S. T., van Ettinger-Veenstra, H., Salo, T., Riedel, M. C., & Laird, A. R. (2021) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-021-00847-z · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Both sets of labels have been previously used by numerous studies to describe visually similar bilateral and unilateral networks comprised of lateral prefrontal cortical and inferior parietal regions (e.g., Chen et al. 2013; Goulden et al. 2014; Allen et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRabellino, D., Tursich, M., Frewen, P. A., Daniels, J. K., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12418 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Altered resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Xu, T., Zhao, Q., Wang, P., Fan, Q., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Yang, Z., Stein, D. J., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001915 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies detecting intrinsic activity fluctuations have identified a number of well-defined networks, including the defaultmode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), salience network (SN; Goulden et al., 2014), and etc.”
BackgroundShi, L., Sun, J., Wu, X., Wei, D., Chen, Q., Yang, W., Chen, H., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy059 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the salience network (SN), which plays an important role in switching the executive network and the default network (Goulden et al., 2014), is also involved in wellbeing.”
BackgroundNam, B., Bae, S., Kim, S. M., Hong, J. S., & Han, D. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.361 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Functional neural correlates of psychopathy: a meta-analysis of MRI data
Deming, P., & Koenigs, M. R. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0816-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Ge, R., Blumberger, D. M., Downar, J. H., Daskalakis, Z. J., Dipinto, A. A., Tham, J. C. W., Lam, R. W. M., & Vila‐Rodriguez, F. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.060 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shen, X., Cox, S. R., Adams, M. J., Howard, D. M., Lawrie, S. M., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., McIntosh, A. M., & Whalley, H. C. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The role of the CON was related to maintaining task-engaging status (37,41) and flexibly switching between the DMN and central executive network based on experimental context (42,43).”
BackgroundThe role of acetylcholine in negative encoding bias: Too much of a good thing?
Mineur, Y. S., & Picciotto, M. R. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14641 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“This balance is primarily controlled by the salience network (SN), involved in attention and the response to acute stressors (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWu, X., He, H. G., Shi, L., Xia, Y., Zuang, K., Feng, Q., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z., Wei, D., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wang, L., Wei, Q., Wang, C., Xu, J., Wang, K., Tian, Y., & Wang, J. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-0013-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“From a neural network view,decreased functional connectivity within- and across-networks support cognitive control and salience or emotion processing might relate to dysfunction in regulating mood (Ellard et al. 2018; Goulden et al. 2014).”
BackgroundDynamic Default Mode Network across Different Brain States
Lin, P., Yang, Y., Gao, J., Pisapia, N. D., Ge, S., Wang, X., Zuo, C. S., Levitt, J. J., & Niu, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46088 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…interactions between DMN, central executive network (CEN) and salience network (SN) play an important role in the shift between resting and focusing attention, which involves the re-allocation of resources within the brain for supporting stimulus-related cognitive processing 2,5,21,63,72–74 .”
Kazemi, R., Rostami, R., Khomami, S., Baghdadi, G., Rezaei, M., Hata, M., Aoki, Y., Ishii, R., Iwase, M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00356 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lois, G., & Wessa, M. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw085 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“We used constrained ICA incorporating prior information about spatial patterns into standard blind ICA (Lin et al., 2010; Goulden et al., 2014).”
MethodCommon and distinct brain activity associated with risky and ambiguous decision-making
Poudel, R., Riedel, M. C., Salo, T., Flannery, J. S., Hill-Bowen, L. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107884 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The salience of self, not social pain, is encoded by dorsal anterior cingulate and insula
Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Zetterqvist, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24658-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reineberg, A. E., Gustavson, D. E., Benca‐Bachman, C. E., Banich, M. T., & Friedman, N. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01600 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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“It has been hypothesized that the anterior salience network drives this switch [Sridharan2008, Goulden2014].”
Owens, M. M., Yuan, D., Hahn, S., Albaugh, M. D., Allgaier, N. A., Chaarani, B., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa143 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Miranda, L. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149226 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“This ability to effectively switch between task-positive and task-negative states is necessary for attentional shifting (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChabran, E., Noblet, V., de Sousa, P. L., Demuynck, C., Philippi, N., Schmidt‐Mutter, C., Anthony, P., Martin‐Hunyadi, C., Cretin, B., & Blanc, F. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0575-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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“…Toni, Passingham, & Dolan, 1999; Craig, 2009) and represents a core region of the salience network (Menon & Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007), where it has been thought to modulate switching between the central executive and the default mode network (Goulden et al., 2014; Menon & Uddin, 2010).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder
Ellard, K. K., Barlow, D. H., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Deckersbach, T. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx025 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Together, the VLPFC-anterior insula have been shown to form a fronto-insular functional node implicated in switching between salience and executive control networks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression
Gandelman, J. A., NEWHOUSE, P. A., & Taylor, W. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Switching between the DMN and CEN is mediated by the Salience Network (SN) which has the role of monitoring and responding to environmental stimuli (Goulden et al., 2014).”
- Authors
- Goulden, N., Khusnulina, A., Davis, N. J., Bracewell, R. M., Bokde, A. L., McNulty, J. P., & Mullins, P. G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Goulden, Nia
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 99
- Pages
- 180-190
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066208486
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 18.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- e-space.mmu.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- salience network, default mode network, frontoparietal network, network switching, dynamic causal modeling, independent component analysis, resting state, Granger causality, reproducibility, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bayes Theorem, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Rest, Stochastic Processes, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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