The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
Citations
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“For example, planning work steps is thought to enhance the positive effects of goal setting on goal attainment because it details how, when, and where a goal can be achieved, making it easier to act on opportunities as they arise (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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“Autonomously motivated individuals are more likely to spontaneously set implementation intention plans (Koestner et al., 2002), which provide responses to obstacles that can be executed without conscious awareness to facilitate goal attainment (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Webb & Sheeran, 2008).”
BackgroundVankov, D., & Wang, L. (2024) · International Journal of Innovation Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijis.2024.07.002 · Cited by 33
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“Implementation intentions are considerably more effective than general intentions in goal achievement (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundElison, S., Davies, G., & Ward, J. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4355 · Cited by 18
“As well, there is evidence to support the modality of the delivery and therapeutic components within the program [25,31,32].”
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“Such a process can significantly increase the likelihood of subsequent behaviour change (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
“Lights out” in university classrooms: Brief group discussion can change behavior
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“” A meta-analysis of 94 experimental studies found forming implementation intentions to have a medium-to-large effect on goal attainment, over and above the impact of forming relevant goal intentions [23].”
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“The evidence shows that forming implementation intentions has a medium-to-strong effect on subsequent behavior (for an extensive meta-analysis see Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
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Incorporating Behavioral Techniques into a Serious Videogame for Children
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“While implementation intentions have demonstrated success with a variety of behaviors, much of the work has been conducted with adults.(38) The results of this study contribute to the limited body of knowledge on the effect of implementation intentions on dietary behavior change in healthy children.”
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“Self-control has been strongly associated with academic achievement, as research has suggested that students with high levels of self-control are likely to experience higher academic achievement [43].”
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“Forming detailed plans of what, when, and how to achieve behavior change have been found to be effective across behavioral domains [43].”
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“…et al., 2021), when they have considered concrete actions to move toward goal attainment, and perhaps overcome situations that might impede goal attainment (i.e., an if–then plan; see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; also see Taylor et al., 1996 for a similar finding in the context of school exams).”
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“Other scholars have also used integrated persuasive outcomes rather than individual persuasive outcomes in analyzing moderators in meta-analyses (e.g., Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Nabi et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2015).”
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“Goal setting is especially effective when people formulate simple plans that specify the intended behavior and the situation in which they want to perform it as concretely as possible [42,43].”
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“They are derived from the behaviour change theories underpinning the intervention delivered by the HTs (see Michie et al, 2008 ), and crucially, have been shown to be closely associated with behaviour and behaviour change (Armitage & Conner, 2001 ; Brewer et al, 2007 ; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ).”
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“…on the premise that individuals adopting planning strategies are more likely to convert their good intentions into action, and has been empirically supported in a number of studies (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Hagger & Luszczynska, 2014; Wiedemann, Schüz, Sniehotta, Scholz, & Schwarzer, 2009).”
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“…objectives, determinants were derived from health promotion theories, such as Self-Regulation Theory, 24 the Theory of Planned Behavior, 35 the Precaution Adoption Process Model, 36 implementation intentions and goal setting, 37 Relapse Prevention Theory, 38 and Self-Determination Theory.”
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“A meta-analysis of 94 studies has shown that the formation of implementation intentios has a medium-to-strong effect on subsequent performance and goal-attainment (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
BackgroundMethodStrategic Control Over the Unhelpful Effects of Primed Social Categories and Goals
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“…effective method to enhance the intention–behavior relationship is through the formation of a specific implementation intention on when and how to perform the behavior (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Koestner, Lekes, Powers, & Chicoine, 2002; Tam, Bagozzi, & Spanjol, 2010).”
MethodPakpour, A. H., Gholami, M., Gellert, P. R., Yekaninejad, M. S., Dombrowski, S. U., & Webb, T. L. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9767-3 · Cited by 17
The Development of Moral Imagination
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“Gollwitzer and others have found that goals such as sending letters, dieting, exercising, and even performance on a helping behavior increase among those who imagine the actions they must take to achieve their desired outcome (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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“While there has been a great deal of work examining implementation failure of specific strategies across other health behaviours (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006), there has been just two studies involving problem gamblers.”
BackgroundResultYost, P. R. (2016) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2016.42 · Cited by 17
Implementation Intentions: Strategic Automatization of Goal Striving
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Self-citationIntention beyond desire: Spontaneous intentional commitment regulates conflicting desires
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The Role of Goal Setting and Goal Striving in Medical Adherence.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11557-002 · Cited by 16
Self-citationFrance, J. L., France, C. R., Carlson, B. W., Kessler, D. A., Rebosa, M., Shaz, B. H., Madden, K., & Carey, P. M. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.07.020 · Cited by 16
“However, as noted above, successful application of the implementation technique crucially depends on identifying unique individual barriers and the development of specific, personalized if–then plans that will facilitate performance of the behavior in the face of these deterrents [46,48].”
Child Goal Setting of Dietary and Physical Activity in a Serious Videogame
Simons, M., Baranowski, J. C., Thompson, D. I., Buday, R., Abdelsamad, D., & Baranowski, T. (2013) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.0009 · Cited by 18
“Implementation intentions increase the likelihood that the behavior is enacted.(26) Barriers interfere with goal attainment and behavior change, and children perceive many barriers to healthy eating(27) and PA.”
Kelly, P. J., Leung, J., Deane, F. P., & Lyons, G. C. B. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12332 · Cited by 17
Serfas, B. G., Büttner, O. B., & Florack, A. (2016) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3241 · Cited by 18
“Forming implementation intentions is a self-regulatory technique that is effective in various areas of self-regulation (for a meta-analysis, see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPaech, J., Łuszczyńska, A., & Lippke, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01024 · Cited by 15
“…to initiate and maintain health behaviors, such as physical activity, and planning has empirically been found to be a mediator of the intention-behavior relationship (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006; Schwarzer, 2008; Bélanger-Gravel et al., 2013; Hagger and Luszczynska, 2014; Mistry et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCase management for child protection services: A multi-level evaluation study
Busschers, I., van Vugt, E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.07.011 · Cited by 16
“This isinlinewiththeliteratureshowingthattheelaborationofgoals incon-crete implementation intentions (what, when and how to achieve goals) contributes to goal achievement (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Conner, M. T., Grogan, S., Simms‐Ellis, R., Flett, K., Sykes‐Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C. J., Meads, D. M., Schmitt, L. H. M., et al. (2019) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054905 · Cited by 16
Mechanisms for the reduction of caffeine consumption: What, how and why
Rodda, S. N., Booth, N., McKean, J., Chung, A., Park, J. J., & Ware, P. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108024 · Cited by 18
Hayes, J. F., Balantekin, K. N., Graham, A. K., Strube, M., Bickel, W. K., & Wilfley, D. E. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa038 · Cited by 17
“page 360 of 368 TBM Though implementation intentions are efficacious and widely used, significant variation in effect sizes has been documented [9], particularly in applied studies with clinical samples [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialChanging Behavior Using Social Identity Processes
Reynolds, K. J., Branscombe, N. R., Subašić, E., & Willis, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.016 · Cited by 21
Leightley, D., Rona, R. J., Shearer, J., Williamson, C., Gunasinghe, C., Simms, A., Fear, N. T., Goodwin, L., & Murphy, D. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/19720 · Cited by 16
“Goals (setting and review): participants can set goal(s) based on the implementation intentions (if and then) [52] methodology; visual feedback provides feedback on progress toward achieving set goal(s).”
BackgroundHo, L., Sung, Y., Wu, C.-C., Lee, P.-S., & Chiou, W. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12219289 · Cited by 16
“This effect is congruent with the notion of implementation intention [44,45], which posits that forming specific action plans can increase the likelihood of performing the intended actions.”
BackgroundResultChen, S., Ding, N., Wang, F., Li, Z., Qin, S., Biswal, B. B., & Yuan, J. (2021) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/6639739 · Cited by 16
“, “keep calm”), which reduces the intention–behavior gap between intended outcome and actual goal attainment [15].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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