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Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
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“To address this issue, Gollwitzer (1993, 1996, 1999) proposed that successful goal achievement is facilitated by a second act of willing that furnishes the goal intention with an if–then plan specifying when, where, and how the person will instigate responses that promote goal realization.”
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“Symbolic self‐completion theory (Wicklund & Gollwitzer, 1982) proposes that when people who are highly committed to an identity goal (e.g., becoming a lawyer) obtain negative feedback about their accomplishments in the respective domain, they experience a sense of self‐definitional incompleteness.”
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“…and Van’t Spijjker (2000) Write a report 80 .75 Lengfelder and Gollwitzer (2001) Study 2 Go/No Go task 67 .80 Lippke and Ziegelmann (2002) Exercise 88 .18 Milne, Orbell, and Sheeran (2002) Exercise 248 1.25 Milne and Sheeran (2002a) Testicular self‐examination 432 .43 continues Milne and Sheeran…”
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“…Binge drinking 102 .68 Oettingen, Hö nig, and Gollwitzer (2000) Study 2 Compose a CV 20 1.25 Oettingen et al. (2000) Study 3 Complete a project 25 .80 Orbell, Hodgkins, and Sheeran (1997) Breast self‐ examination 155 1.22 Orbell and Sheeran (1999) Study 3 Reduce snack food consumption 111…”
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Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation.
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“Findings showed that, excluding two studies (Lengfelder & Gollwitzer, 2001, Study 2; Brandstätter et al., 2001, Study 2).”
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The Interplay Between Goal Intentions and Implementation Intentions
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“If an unwanted behavior possesses features of automaticity, it should be especially diYcult to control (Aarts &Dijskterhuis, 2000a,b; Sheeran et al., 2005a; Verplanken & Aarts, 1999; Wood, Quinn, & Kashy, 2002).”
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Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success.
Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.231 · Cited by 526 · cited 1×
“…54 1.42 Koestner, Downie, Horberg, and Hata (2002a) Personal goals 106 .39 Koestner, Lekes, Powers, and Chicoine (2002b) Study 1 Personal goals 106 .39 Koestner et al. (2002b) Study 2 New Year resolutions 38 .32 Koole and Van’t Spijjker (2000) Write a report 80 .75 Lengfelder and Gollwitzer…”
BackgroundInfluentialGood intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating
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“A similar issue arises in relation to the impact of loss versus gain frames on negotiation outcomes (De Dreu, Carnevale, Emans, & van de Vliert, 1995; Neale & Bazerman, 1985).”
BackgroundPersistence of health habits and their relationship to mortality
Breslow, L., & Enstrom, J. E. (1980) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(80)90042-0 · Cited by 491
Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening.
Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.3.283 · Cited by 477
Self-citationConfronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity
Garner, D. M., & Wooley, S. C. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90128-h · Cited by 465 · cited 1×
“Keeping such behavioral responses in check merely by forming the respective goal intention may not be suYcient, as research on weight loss and smoking cessation has shown (e.g., COMMIT Research Group, 1995; Garner & Wooley, 1991).”
ResultWr, L., Freedman, L., Green, S., Corle, D., Gail, M. H., Re, G., Hartwell, T., Km, C., Ockene, J., & Giffen, C. (1995) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.85.2.183 · Cited by 452
Do intentions predict condom use? Metaanalysis and examination of six moderator variables
Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (1998) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01167.x · Cited by 421 · cited 2×
“Similarly, meta‐analysis has shown that the longer the time interval between measures of goal intentions and goal achievement, the less likely it is that intentions are realized (Sheeran & Orbell, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetacognition in Action: The Importance of Implementation Intentions
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Schaal, B. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0202_5 · Cited by 415 · cited 1×
“…stimuli (opportunities related to competing goal pursuits) can greatly undermine achievement of the focal (task) goal—as was demonstrated by Mischel and Patterson’s (1978; Patterson & Mischel, 1976) c la ss ic s tu d ie s o n r es is ta nc e to temptation (see also Gollwitzer & Schaal, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.001 · Cited by 414
Self-citationGoal Effects on Action and Cognition
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 404
Self-citationBagozzi, R. P., Dholakia, U. M., & Basuroy, S. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.446 · Cited by 403
Relationship of health practices and mortality
Belloc, N. B. (1973) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(73)90009-1 · Cited by 392
Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion?
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00527-9 · Cited by 383 · cited 3×
“Consistent with this idea, Webb and Sheeran (2003) found that ego‐depleted participants and nondepleted controls exhibited substantive diVerences in puzzle task performance.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSelf-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-reactive mechanisms.
Bandura, A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 371
Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening.
Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.283 · Cited by 365 · cited 1×
“…snack good consumption 129 .49 Sheeran and Orbell (1999) Study 1 Vitamin supplement use 78 .35 Sheeran and Orbell (1999) Study 2 Vitamin supplement use 37 .59 Sheeran and Orbell (2000) Cervical cancer screening 104 .58 Sheeran and Silverman (2003) Attendance at workplace safety training 271 .52…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBargh, J. A. (1992) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423027 · Cited by 359 · cited 1×
“Accordingly, the execution of a behavior specified in an implementation intention should exhibit features of automaticity as identified by Bargh (1992, 1994).”
BackgroundAttitude–Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic
Kim, M., & Hunter, J. E. (1993) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01251.x · Cited by 355 · cited 1×
“For example, reviews of the theory of reasoned action (Kim & Hunter, 1993; Sheppard, Hardwick, & Warshaw, 1988; van den Putte, 1993), the theory of planned behavior (Armitage&Conner, 2001;Godin&Kok, 1996;Hausenblas,Carron, & Mack, 1997), and protection motivation theory (Floyd, Prentice‐Dunn, &…”
BackgroundHolland, R. W., Aarts, H., & Langendam, D. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.11.006 · Cited by 350
Intention–Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review
Sheeran, P. (2001) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/0470013478.ch1 · Cited by 350
Self-citationEffects of deliberative and implemental mind-sets on illusion of control.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Kinney, R. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.531 · Cited by 333
Self-citationContemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203645031 · Cited by 310
Lewin, K. (1926) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02424365 · Cited by 301 · cited 1×
“The model agrees with classic motivational notions (e.g., Atkinson, 1957; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Lewin, 1926) that people commit to those goals in which attainment is perceived as both highly desirable and feasible.”
MethodTHE AUTOMATIC ACTIVATION OF GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOUR: THE CASE OF TRAVEL HABIT
Aarts, H., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2000) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.1999.0156 · Cited by 293 · cited 2×
“Automaticity commonly characterizes highly overlearned activities (e.g., driving a car, typing) including the operation of habits (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2000a,b; Sheeran et al., 2005a; Wood et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSpencer, S. J., Fein, S., Zanna, M. P., & Olson, J. M. (2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606679 · Cited by 263
Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02823.x · Cited by 254 · cited 1×
“…155 1.22 Orbell and Sheeran (1999) Study 3 Reduce snack food consumption 111 .61 Orbell and Sheeran (1999) Study 4 Reduce snack food consumption 93 .45 Orbell and Sheeran (2000) Recovery of functional activities 64 .70 Prestwich, Lawton, and Conner (2003a) Personal goals 79 .54 Prestwich,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationExpectancy effects on behavior depend on self-regulatory thought
Oettingen, G. (2000) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2000.18.2.101 · Cited by 254 · cited 1×
“, mental contrasting) is a particularly eVective strategy for discovering powerful barriers and hindrances that stand in the way of realizing desired outcomes (Oettingen, 2000; Oettingen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour
Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. T. (2003) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001594493 · Cited by 245 · cited 2×
“…consumption 111 .61 Orbell and Sheeran (1999) Study 4 Reduce snack food consumption 93 .45 Orbell and Sheeran (2000) Recovery of functional activities 64 .70 Prestwich, Lawton, and Conner (2003a) Personal goals 79 .54 Prestwich, Lawton, and Conner (2003b) Exercise 58 .68 Rise, Thompson, and…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffective self-regulation of goal attainment
Oettingen, G., Hönig, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2000) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(00)00046-x · Cited by 243 · cited 2×
“Immediacy has been tested by means of response latencies (e.g., Webb & Sheeran, 2004) and the temporal proximity of actual performance to the time of performance specified in the implementation intention (e.g., Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997; Oettingen et al., 2000, Experiment 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationImplementation Intentions and Facilitation of Prospective Memory
Chasteen, A. L., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00385 · Cited by 241
Evidence that implementation intentions reduce dietary fat intake: A randomized trial.
Armitage, C. J. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.319 · Cited by 237
Brockner, J., Rubin, J. Z., & Lang, E. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90007-x · Cited by 236
Identifying good opportunities to act: Implementation intentions and cue discrimination
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.205 · Cited by 221 · cited 6×
“For instance, Webb and Sheeran (2004) used a classic illusion paradigm from the psychology of language to investigate cue detection by goal intentions as compared to implementation intentions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationForgetting of intentions in demanding situations is rapid.
Einstein, G., McDaniel, M. A., Williford, C. L., Pagan, J. L., & Dismukes, R. (2003) · Journal of experimental psychology. Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.9.3.147 · Cited by 211
Otten, S., & Wentura, D. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199912)29:8 · Cited by 205
Lewin, K. (1926) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-50826-4_2 · Cited by 202
Trafimow, D. (2009) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354309336319 · Cited by 187
Retrieval processes in prospective memory : Theoretical approaches and some new empirical findings
Einstein, G. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 178
Measuring implementation intentions in the context of the theory of planned behavior
Rise, J., Thompson, M., & Verplanken, B. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00325 · Cited by 172 · cited 2×
“…Recovery of functional activities 64 .70 Prestwich, Lawton, and Conner (2003a) Personal goals 79 .54 Prestwich, Lawton, and Conner (2003b) Exercise 58 .68 Rise, Thompson, and Verplanken (2003) Exercise and recycling 112 1.58 Schaal (1993) Arithmetic task 40 .93 Sheeran and Milne (2003) Reduce…”
BackgroundInfluentialGoal Setting and Goal Striving
Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998519.ch15 · Cited by 156 · cited 1×
“The basic assumption is that the strength of a person’s intention determines respective accomplishments (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2001; Sheeran, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.
Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.1.80 · Cited by 144 · cited 3×
“…(2002b) Study 1 Personal goals 106 .39 Koestner et al. (2002b) Study 2 New Year resolutions 38 .32 Koole and Van’t Spijjker (2000) Write a report 80 .75 Lengfelder and Gollwitzer (2001) Study 2 Go/No Go task 67 .80 Lippke and Ziegelmann (2002) Exercise 88 .18 Milne, Orbell, and Sheeran (2002)…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe goal‐dependent automaticity of drinking habits
Sheeran, P., Aarts, H., Ruud Custers, A., Rivis, A., Webb, T. L., & Cooke, R. W. I. (2005) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466604x23446 · Cited by 134
Self-citationSelf-symbolizing and the neglect of others' perspectives.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Wicklund, R. A. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.3.702 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“Consequently, incomplete individuals tend to become absorbed in self‐symbolizing activities and thus neglect the thoughts and feelings of an audience; their interactions with others exhibit social insensitivity (Gollwitzer & Wicklund, 1985).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpediments to safer heterosexual sex: a review of research with young people
Wight, D. (1992) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540129208251616 · Cited by 126 · cited 2×
“Evidence for this explanation of intention–behavior discrepancies comes, for instance, from the field of sexual health in which findings show that young people may, in ‘‘the heat of the moment’’ of a sexual encounter, have problems overcoming reluctance to practice safer sex (e.g., Abraham et al., 1999; Sheeran, White…”
BackgroundResultBobocel, D. R., & Meyer, J. P. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.79.3.360 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“For instance, Brandstätter et al. (2001) assigned heroin addiction patients the task of writing a curriculum vitae within a set time period.”
BackgroundEffects of temptation-inhibiting and task-facilitating plans on self-control.
Patterson, C. J., & Mischel, W. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.33.2.209 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“…stimuli (opportunities related to competing goal pursuits) can greatly undermine achievement of the focal (task) goal—as was demonstrated by Mischel and Patterson’s (1978; Patterson & Mischel, 1976) c la ss ic s tu d ie s o n r es is ta nc e to temptation (see also Gollwitzer & Schaal, 1998).”
BackgroundSheeran, P., & Silverman, M. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00220-4 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“…1 Vitamin supplement use 78 .35 Sheeran and Orbell (1999) Study 2 Vitamin supplement use 37 .59 Sheeran and Orbell (2000) Cervical cancer screening 104 .58 Sheeran and Silverman (2003) Attendance at workplace safety training 271 .52 Sheeran and Webb (2003) Stroop performance 48 1.62 Sheeran,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWhen success breeds failure: History, hysteresis, and delayed exit decisions.
Bragger, J. D., Hantula, D. A., Bragger, D., Kirnan, J. P., & Kutcher, E. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.6 · Cited by 108
Gollwitzer, P. M., Boyer, U. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307696.003.0018 · Cited by 104 · cited 3×
“There is a second circumstance in which shielding an ongoing goal pursuit becomes crucial (Gollwitzer et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWhen Good Intentions Are Not Enough: Modeling Postdecisional Cognitive Correlates of Condom Use1
Abraham, C., Sheeran, P., Norman, P. E., Conner, M. T., de Vries, N. K., & Otten, W. (1999) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00127.x · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“…comes, for instance, from the field of sexual health in which findings show that young people may, in ‘‘the heat of the moment’’ of a sexual encounter, have problems overcoming reluctance to practice safer sex (e.g., Abraham et al., 1999; Sheeran, White, & Phillips, 1991; Wight, 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAffective States and the Influence of Activated General Knowledge
Bless, H., & Fiedler, K. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295217010 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“Consequently, people are more liable to stereotyping when they are in a good mood than when they are in a bad mood (Bless, 1997; Bless & Fiedler, 1995).”
BackgroundBrandstätter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J., & Fresé, M. (2003) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320344000011 · Cited by 88
Dholakia, U. M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.408 · Cited by 88 · cited 2×
“For instance, people who set themselves learning goals rather than performance goals are better at dealing with failure experiences and, co nsequentl y, sh ow more persi stent an d success ful goa l pursu it (Dweck, 2000 ). Higgins (2000) demo nstrates that peop le who pursue their go als using means that have a natur…”
BackgroundBamberg, S. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02474.x · Cited by 82
Integrating concepts from goal theories to understand the achievement of personal goals
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.233 · Cited by 78 · cited 1×
“Goal intentions signal the end of deliberation about what actions to perform or outcomes to reach; they imply a commitment to act that may vary in strength (Ajzen, 1991; Gollwitzer, 1990; Sheeran, 2002; Webb & Sheeran, 2005a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBobocel, D. R., & Meyer, J. P. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.360 · Cited by 77
MODERATING BINGE DRINKING: IT IS POSSIBLE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOUR IF YOU PLAN IT IN ADVANCE
Murgraff, V., WHITE, D., & Phillips, K. C. (1996) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008193 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“…432 .43 continues Milne and Sheeran (2002b) Persistence with boring task 66 1.35 Milne and Sheeran (2002c) Visit study skills website 183 .87 MurgraV, White, and Phillips (1996) Binge drinking 102 .68 Oettingen, Hö nig, and Gollwitzer (2000) Study 2 Compose a CV 20 1.25 Oettingen…”
BackgroundInfluentialToward a Reconceptualization of Attitude-Behavior Consistency
McBroom, W. H., & Reed, F. W. (1992) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786946 · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“A converging line of research has decomposed the intention–behavior relation in terms of a 2 (goal intention: to act vs. not to act) 2 (goal achievement: acted vs. did not act) matrix (McBroom & Reid, 1992; Orbell & Sheeran, 1998; Sheeran, 2002).”
BackgroundSteadman, L., & Quine, L. (2004) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/1359107042304551 · Cited by 65
The Volitional and Strategic Effects of Planning on Task Performance and Goal Commitment
Diefendorff, J. M., & Lord, R. G. (2003) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1604_3 · Cited by 62
Bamberg, S. (2002) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(02)00118-6 · Cited by 62
Financial Budgets and Escalation Effects
Tan, H., & Yates, J. F. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2967 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“Researchers have studied such failure to disengage under varying labels, such as sunk costs (e.g., Arkes & Blumer, 1985), entrapment (e.g., Brockner, Rubin, & Lang, 1981), and escalation of commitment (e.g., Tan & Yates, 2002).”
BackgroundAs Time Goes By: How Goal and Implementation Intentions Influence Enactment of Short‐Fuse Behaviors1
Dholakia, U. M., & Pbagozzi, R. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01930.x · Cited by 38
Outcome Frames in Bilateral Negotiation: Resistance to Concession Making and Frame Adoption
Dreu, C. K. W. D., de Vliert, E. V., Carnevale, P. J. D., & Emans, B. J. M. (1995) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779443000021 · Cited by 30
Fenner, D. B., Lerch, F. J., & Kulik, C. T. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01104.x · Cited by 29
Implementation intentions do not enhance all types of goals: The moderating role of goal difficulty
Dewitte, S., Verguts, T., & Lens, W. (2003) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-003-1014-6 · Cited by 27
Semisimple Quantum Cohomology and Blow-ups
Bayer, A. (2004) · International Mathematics Research Notices · doi:10.1155/s1073792804140907 · Cited by 27
The role of planning for intention‐behavior consistency
Gillholm, R., Ettema, D., Selart, M., & Gärling, T. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.404123 · Cited by 26 · cited 7×
“01 Gillholm et al. (1999) Study 2 Mail response forms 48 .02 Gollwitzer and Bayer (2004a) Study 1 Degree of perspective taking 34 1.16 Gollwitzer and Bayer (2004a) Study 2 Social loafing task 42 .”
BackgroundInfluentialA theory about the translation of cognition into affect and behavior
Sheeran, P., & Trafimow, D. (2004) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 25
Self-citationVolpato, C., & Contarello, A. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199903/05)29:2/3 · Cited by 23
Self-citationPremarital contraceptive use: A review of the psychological literature
Sheeran, P., White, D., & Phillips, K. C. (1991) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839108403261 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSmoking Prevention Intervention in Adolescents
Bauchner, H. (2008) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw200805080000005 · Cited by 4
Milne, S. E., & Sheeran, P. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e536932011-096 · Cited by 4
Self-citationStand by your plan : a new approach to the planning fallacy.
Williams, S. (2002) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
An individual difference measure of the tendency to form implementation intentions
Gollwitzer, P. M., Grant, H., & Oettingen, G. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633912013-690 · Cited by 1
Self-citationReflexive competition and its self-regulation
Bulgarella, C., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633872013-603 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDechesne (2000) · doi:10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6
Gollwitzer, P. M., Bayer, U. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (2004) · The New Unconscious · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195149951.003.0018
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Gollwitzer, 1990, Action phases and mindsets, Vol. 2, 53
- Mischel, 1978, Effective plans for self‐control in children, Vol. 11, 199
- Shah, 2003, Goal systems theory: Integrating the cognitive and motivational aspects of self‐regulation. A goal systems approach to self‐regulation, Vol. 9, 247
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249 · Cited by 3,732
Self-citationvan Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504 · Cited by 2,714
Schwarzer, R. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x · Cited by 2,569
“…of performance, partly because behavior might be elicited almost “automatically” when the relevant situational cues are encountered; people do not forget their intentions easily when specified in a when, where, and how manner (for an overview and meta-analysis, see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundConstructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
Sheeran, P., & Webb, T. L. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12265 · Cited by 2,185
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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