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Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
Citations
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“Although accumulated research supports this idea (e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001; Sheeran, 2002; Sutton, 1998), there is also contrary evidence that gives credence to the proverb that ‘‘the road to hell is paved with good intentions’’ (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998; Sheeran, 2002).”
ResultCohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
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Sorted by citations
Items 1,501–1,600 of 3,241
Gillison, F., Standage, M., & Verplanken, B. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-221 · Cited by 16
“In promoting habit formation, the proposed work will make use of implementation intention theory [27,28].”
MethodA Behavior Change Perspective on Self-Regulated Learning with Teachable Agents
Oppezzo, M., & Schwartz, D. L. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_31 · Cited by 14
“Implementation intentions are detailed " if-then " plans that specify the when, where, and how of goal implementation (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ) .”
Springvloet, L., Lechner, L., Candel, M. J. J. M., de Vries, H., & Oenema, A. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.013 · Cited by 14
“…goal setting, and action-and coping planning, by means of appropriate behavior change strategies (Abraham & Michie, 2008; Bartholomew et al., 2011; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Kok, Lechner, Meertens, & Brug, 2012; Mento, Steel, & Karren, 1987; Michie, Abraham, Whittington, McAteer, & Gupta, 2009;…”
Rosen, N. O., Sadikaj, G., & Bergeron, S. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000101 · Cited by 14
“Implementation intentions are “if-then” statements detailing the when, where, and how of goal attainment and have been found to significantly enhance the uptake of a new behavior.(24) Second, a research assistant called participants 3 times a week as a reminder to complete their diaries, and finally, participants were…”
BackgroundHealth goals among American adults: Prevalence, characteristics, and barriers
Milyavskaya, M., & Nadolny, D. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316656227 · Cited by 14
“For example, while setting implementation intentions has consistently been shown to improve goal pursuit (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006), our research found that only approximately a quarter of participants set specific plans on how to pursue their goals.”
BackgroundRuscitto, C., & Ogden, J. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1240174 · Cited by 14
“Accordingly, the sample size was calculated in line with Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) and set at 30 per condition.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComplexity Under Stress: Integrative Approaches to Overdetermined Vulnerabilities
Andrews-Fearon, P., & Boyd-MacMillan, E. (2016) · Journal of Strategic Security · doi:10.5038/1944-0472.9.4.1557 · Cited by 14
Open Peer Commentary and Author'S Response
Asendorpf, J. B., Balliet, D. P., Righetti, F., Blackie, L. E. R., Jayawickreme, E., Blum, G. S., Schmitt, M., Donnellan, M. B., Corker, K. S., Dunlop, W. L., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2174 · Cited by 15
Smith, S. W., Cumming, M. M., Merrill, K. L., Pitts, D. L., & Daunic, A. P. (2015) · Beyond Behavior · doi:10.1177/107429561502400302 · Cited by 14
“According to Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), successful goal setting includes the following:”
BackgroundInfoSec Process Action Model (IPAM)
Curry, M., Marshall, B. B., Crossler, R. E., & Correia, J. (2018) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3210530.3210535 · Cited by 15
“Although intent has been shown to be a key driver of actions (Boss et al., 2015; Crossler et al., 2014), there is a significant problem of ‘inclined abstainers,’ that is, those who formulate intent but subsequently fail to act (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Sheeran, 2002).”
BackgroundNo Intentions in the Brain: A Wittgensteinian Perspective on the Science of Intention
Kalis, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00946 · Cited by 14
Frie, K., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Pilbeam, C., Jebb, S., & Aveyard, P. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1626394 · Cited by 11
“In a meta-analysis of 94 studies investigating the impact of implementation intentions on behaviour performance across a vast range of behaviours, including health behaviours, a significantly positive medium-to-large effect was found (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundBieleke, M., Kriech, C., & Wolff, W. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9090093 · Cited by 15
“Making plans raises the probability of successfully performing an action [16,17].”
BackgroundInfluentialFrancis, Z. L., Sieber, V., & Job, V. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519877238 · Cited by 16
“However, since enacting intentions can require self-control (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006), limited theorists may be even less likely to actually support their partners than more nonlimited theorists, even when they do intend to provide support.”
BackgroundHankonen, N. E., Absetz, P., & Araújo‐Soares, V. (2020) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2020.1813036 · Cited by 19
“They include single behaviour change methods, tested in previous studies, to impact behaviour change, e.g. information about social norms, implementation intentions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) and habit formation (Gardner, Lally, & Wardle, 2012).”
Do Minimal Interventions Increase Participation Rates in Voluntary Online Training at High School?
van der Beek, S., Bellhäuser, H., & Hertel, S. (2020) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725720965002 · Cited by 14
“In future studies, however, it would be desirable to ask students directly about their goal of participating in the voluntary training because as mentioned by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) Is require goal setting and minimal interventions have to be meaningful (Walton, 2014).”
BackgroundResultWebb, T. L., & de Bruin, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.037 · Cited by 16
Web-Based Risk Communication and Planning in an Obese Population: Exploratory Study
Soureti, A., Murray, P., Cobain, M., van Mechelen, W., & Hurling, R. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1579 · Cited by 14
“A meta-analysis of 94 studies showed that implementation intentions had a medium to large effect on goal achievement [8].”
MethodMobilizing citizens for a low and clean energy future
Dowd, A., & Hobman, E. (2013) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.005 · Cited by 15
The Compensatory Role of Implementation Intentions for Young Adults with Low Working Memory Capacity
Meeks, J. T., Pitães, M., & Brewer, G. A. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3151 · Cited by 14
Abraham, C. (2014) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.905967 · Cited by 14
“Luszczynska, Sobczyk, and Abraham (2007) randomly assigned women attending weight-control classes to a single add-on session in which they were taught planning skills including if-then planning (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Psychology of Implicit Intergroup Bias and the Prospect of ChangePreprint
Lai, C. K., & Banaji, M. R. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bv2pq · Cited by 15
“A surprisingly effective strategy to bridge this gap between values and action is implementation intentions (Fujita, 2011; Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundCan Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment?
Haushofer, J., John, A., & Orkin, K. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25731 · Cited by 27
Maio, G. R., Olson, J. M., & Cheung, I. K. M. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205013 · Cited by 14
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1710 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSustaining Attendance at a Mental Health Service: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Avishai, A., Oldham, M., Kellett, S., & Sheeran, P. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000341 · Cited by 13
Self-citationBrockmeier, L. C., Keller, J., Dingler, T., Paduszyńska, N., Łuszczyńska, A., & Radtke, T. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108624 · Cited by 18
Stähler, J., Bieleke, M., Wolff, W., & Schüler, J. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-025-10123-3 · Cited by 13
“…motivation, Chen et al., 2023; motive-based sport types, Lehnert et al., 2011; self-concordance, Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), how psychological interventions can reduce the costs of effort (e.g., Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ), and how effort is instrumental for success (e.g., Sarrazin et al., 2002).”
Ezendam, N. P. M., Burg, J., Borsboom, G., van Empelen, P., & Oenema, A. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012005344 · Cited by 13
“have higher attention to and may be more receptive to feedback messages fostering motivation and self-efficacy, and hence be more likely to move into the action phase, than adolescents who are unaware or not yet motivated to change((12)).”
BackgroundDo behavioural intentions matter? A diary study on work-related ICT-use after work hours
Gadeyne, N., Darouei, M., Verbruggen, M., Delanoeije, J., & de Beeck, S. O. (2023) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2023.2225773 · Cited by 13
Chater, A., Brook-Rowland, P., Tolani, F., Christopher, E., Hart, J., Byrne-Davis, L. M. T., Moffat, A., Shorter, G. W., Epton, T., Kamal, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1130875 · Cited by 13
“Implementation intentions are a form of action planning, shown to be an effective way for individuals to set goals and create plans to achieve them (39, 40).”
BackgroundDelfmann, L. R., Verloigne, M., Deforche, B. I., Hunter, S. C., Cardon, G., de Boer, J., & Vandendriessche, A. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01866-8 · Cited by 13
“For example, positive or negative arousal states might be addressed by emotion-regulation techniques, while fear of missing out related to social media use might be better addressed by specifying action plans to reduce screen use before bedtime (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundIssa, H.-E. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2023-0356 · Cited by 16
An integrative framework of conflict and control
Becker, D., Bijleveld, E., Braem, S., Fröber, K., Götz, F. J., Kleiman, T., Körner, A., Pfister, R., Reiter, A. M. F., Saunders, B., et al. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.07.002 · Cited by 22
Promoting new habits at work through implementation intentions
Trenz, N., & Keith, N. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12540 · Cited by 17
Murray, S. R., Murchie, P., Campbell, N. C., Walter, F. M., Mazza, D., Habgood, E., Kutzer, Y., Martin, A. J., Goodall, S., Barnes, D. J., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008046 · Cited by 13
Gwyther, H., & Holland, C. (2015) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.007 · Cited by 14
Changing micronutrient intake through (voluntary) behaviour change. The case of folate
Jensen, B. B., Lähteenmäki, L., Grunert, K. G., Brown, K. A., Timotijević, L., Barnett, J. C., Shepherd, R., & Raats, M. M. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.004 · Cited by 14
“The post-intentional phase in HAPA incorporates action planning (when, where and how to act (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006)) and coping planning (the generation of alternative behaviours to overcome anticipated barriers (Schwarzer, 2008; Sniehotta, Scholz, & Schwarzer, 2005) as mediators of intentions…”
BackgroundMinnaert, A. E. M. G. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2013.08.002 · Cited by 13
Embodiment as procedures: Physical cleansing changes goal priming effects.
Dong, P., & Lee, S. W. S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000285 · Cited by 13
“Or people may commit to the most desired goal and form implementation intentions regarding how to pursue it (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundArmitage, C. J., Walsh, T., Mooney, J., Tierney, S., & Callery, P. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00061-0 · Cited by 14
How can we master the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic? The role of planning at social levels
Thürmer, J. L., Wieber, F., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2021) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1852699 · Cited by 14
“…to act to reach one’s goal (meta-analyses covering different behavioural domains by Adriaanse, Vinkers et al., 2011; Bélanger-Gravel et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2015; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; McWilliams et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2018; Toli et al., 2016; Vilà et al., 2017; & Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHirsch, A., Bieleke, M., Bertschinger, R., Schüler, J., & Wolff, W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259088 · Cited by 13
“, “And if I feel the urge to stop, then I tell myself: You can do it!”; [35]).”
BackgroundResultŁakuta, P. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004499 · Cited by 14
“…estimated by a priori power analysis for detecting a medium effect ( f = 0.25) of S-AII (c.f. Morgan & Atkin, 2016; Morgan & Harris, 2015; see also Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Webb et al., 2012) in a mixed-model analysis of variance with three groups and three points of measurement (i.e. baseline…”
MethodInfluentialRantala, E., Järvelä‐Reijonen, E., Pettersson, K., Laine, J., Vartiainen, P., Närväinen, J., Pihlajamäki, J., Poutanen, K. S., Absetz, P., & Karhunen, L. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183731 · Cited by 13
“While consistent contexts and recurring behaviours provide fruitful elements for forming new habits, they can also strengthen already established habits and make them more resistant to change regardless of motivation and intentions [81,82].”
BackgroundFoxwell, S., Lewis, I. M., & Watson, B. C. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.11.005 · Cited by 13
Xu, L., Pinxten, W., Vandereyt, F., Falter, M., Scherrenberg, M., Kizilkilic, S. E., Erum, H. V., Dendale, P., & Kindermans, H. P. J. (2023) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.24128 · Cited by 13
“18 For example, systematically taking 10 min of explicit pondering about daily things everyday after dinner can be a good alternative for constant and exhausting worrying and rumination.”
BackgroundEffect of a television programme on nutrition cognitions and intended behaviours
Byrd‐Bredbenner, C., Grenci, A., & Quick, V. (2010) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0080.2010.01446.x · Cited by 13
Zedelius, C. M., Veling, H., & Aarts, H. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.1.81 · Cited by 15
Nydegger, L. A., Keeler, A. R., Hood, C., Siegel, J. T., & Stacy, A. W. (2013) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.793271 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, as previous studies utilizing implementation intentions reported successful behavioral changes (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006), even this short intervention could have led to long-term change.”
BackgroundResultA qualitative study of how individuals with severe mental illness assess smoking risks
Davis, K., Brunette, M. F., Klodnick, V. V., Ferron, J. C., & Whitley, R. (2010) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281003738745 · Cited by 14
“The results suggest that quitting processes differ and may involve a dynamic, and sometimes slow, process of forming what is referred to as an ‘implementation intention’, which the data suggest is reinforced by a chance occurrence or by a fulfillment (Gollwitzer & Sheerman, 2006 ).”
BackgroundPalayiwa, A., Sheeran, P., & Thompson, A. R. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.5.575 · Cited by 13
Self-citationCan Conscious Agency Be Saved?
Pacherie, É. (2013) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-013-9187-6 · Cited by 13
Lippke, S., & Wiedemann, A. U. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010.14.4.139 · Cited by 13
The importance of type 2 diabetes prevention: The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study
Murray, N. J., Abadi, S., Blair, A., Dunk, M., Sampson, M., & On behalf of the Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2011) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651411429239 · Cited by 14
Fennis, B. M., Andreassen, T. W., & Lervik-Olsen, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142489 · Cited by 15
“Previous research has focused on contextual, situational influences on the formation and perpetuation of (sometimes risky or unhealthy) habitual behavior and, consequently, has reverted to situational factors as well when it comes to exploring the potential for behavior change, such as inducing implementation intentio…”
BackgroundMurray, J., Williams, B., Hoskins, G., Skår, S., McGhee, J. B., Treweek, S. P., Sniehotta, F. F., Sheikh, A., Brown, G., Hagen, S., et al. (2016) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0091-x · Cited by 13
“The methodology builds on previously successful theory-embedded animation work and associated model for intervention development [1] and goal setting/activity plan research [13, 14].”
BackgroundMethodMoore, D., Goodwin, T. L., Brocklehurst, P. R., Armitage, C. J., & Glenny, A. (2016) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732316673341 · Cited by 13
“Both internal and external factors may lead to habitual behavior (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Orbell, Hodgkins, & Sheeran, 1997; Webb & Sheeran, 2007), such as offering sugary drinks and snacks to infants or older children.”
BackgroundA mixed-methods investigation of psychological factors relevant to weight maintenance
Dibb-Smith, A., Brindal, E., Chapman, J., & Noakes, M. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316678053 · Cited by 13
“Planning strategies such as the formation of action plans or implementation intentions can be used to facilitate intentional action (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundYoga, well-being, and transcendence: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Kidd, M., & Eatough, V. (2017) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000068 · Cited by 13
“The present study fits the wider aims within health psychology of seeking to enhance well-being through understanding health beliefs and promoting health behaviors (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundA Multifaceted Hypnosis Smoking-Cessation Program: Enhancing Motivation and Goal Attainment
Green, J. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2017.1314740 · Cited by 13
“Gollwitzer and colleagues (see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) have found that implementation instructions are superior to instructions for attaining generalized goals in achieving a variety of goal-related outcomes.”
BackgroundPENGARUH REGULASI DIRI TERHADAP PROKRASTINASI AKADEMIK PADA SISWA SMA
Ardina, D. K. W. P. R. A. (2016) · Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan · doi:10.21009/pip.302.1 · Cited by 16
Selbstmanagement – Grundlagen und aktuelle Entwicklungen
Pscherer, J. (2015) · Organisationsberatung Supervision Coaching · doi:10.1007/s11613-015-0402-8 · Cited by 13
Tahaney, K. D., Palfai, T. P., Luehring‐Jones, P., Maisto, S. A., & Simons, J. S. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00090-9 · Cited by 13
Hart, T., Rabinowitz, A. R., Vaccaro, M. J., Chervoneva, I., & Wilson, J. (2019) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2019.100027 · Cited by 14
Buitenhuis, A. H., Tuinman, M. A., & Hagedoorn, M. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1703983 · Cited by 13
“Implementation intentions are if-then plans in which planned behaviours are specified within a situational context (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundPeels, D. A., Verboon, P., van Stralen, M. M., Bolman, C. A. W., Golsteijn, R. H. J., Mudde, A. N., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1734202 · Cited by 14
Szymczak, H., Keller, L., Debbeler, L. J., Kollmann, J., Lages, N. C., Gollwitzer, P. M., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01530 · Cited by 14
Self-citationDesigning and Implementing Gamification: GaDeP, Gamifire, and applied Case Studies
Klemke, R., Antonaci, A., & Limbu, B. H. (2020) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v7i3.357 · Cited by 13
“In a MOOC on information security, we explored the impact of planning behaviour on goal achievement by implementing the game element "stimulated planning", inspired by [5] and according to the implementation intention theory [30].”
MethodHand hygiene and the sequence of patient care
Chang, N.-C. N., Jones, M., Reisinger, H. S., Schweizer, M. L., Chrischilles, E. A., Chorazy, M. L., Huskins, W. C., & Herwaldt, L. A. (2021) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2021.82 · Cited by 13
“11,12,23 26 Results of a pilot study by Erasmus et al 23 suggest that nurses who develop action plans including hand hygiene in their patient care processes may significantly improve their hand hygiene compliance.”
Lajeunesse, A., Potvin, M.-J., Labelle, V., Chasles, M., Kergoat, M., Villalpando, J. M., Joubert, S., & Rouleau, I. (2021) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2021.1919529 · Cited by 13
“…the encoding phase; Altgassen et al., 2015; Terrett et al., 2016) and implementation intentions (i.e., a specific if– then statement, such as “If situation X arises, then I will perform action Y”, during the encoding phase; Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Zimmermann & Meier, 2010).”
BackgroundMiller, J. G., Zavlis, O., Hartman, T. K., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Levita, L., Martínez, A. P., Mason, L., McBride, O., McKay, R., et al. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2057497 · Cited by 12
“…specify exactly when, where and how to enact behaviour; Gollwitzer, 1999) have been shown to be effective in a range of other behavioural domains (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) and we suggest that employing these as a behaviour change technique in BCIs to promote ‘space’ would effectively…”
BackgroundGomez, P., Scholz, U., & Danuser, B. (2015) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9280-2 · Cited by 13
“65) over and above the impact of goal intention strength (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialWirth, A., Reinelt, T., Gawrilow, C., & Rauch, W. A. (2015) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000114 · Cited by 14
“Wenn-Dann-Pläne haben sich in diversen Bereichen als äußerst effektiv gezeigt (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundBell, B. T., Taylor, C., Paddock, D. L., Bates, A., & Orange, S. T. (2021) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211018920 · Cited by 12
“session, formulating specific ‘If-Then’ plans to reduce their engagement in appearance commentary (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006; Wieber et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe influence of planning, support and self-concordance on goal progress and job satisfaction
van Dierendonck, D. (2015) · Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-04-2014-0013 · Cited by 13
The Impact of Teacher’s Feedback in Increasing Student’s Self-Efficacy and Motivation
Turda, E. S. (2021) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2021.03.02.52 · Cited by 12
“Usually, students with a positive mindset perceive feedback as a growing opportunity, meanwhile students with a negative mindset can be discouraged (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Hatziapostolou & Paraskakis, 2010).”
BackgroundBrandstätter, V., & Hennecke, M. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_11 · Cited by 12
Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Chuan, P., Chen, F., Xing, D., Mao, J., Jia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29803 · Cited by 15
Combating Fake News Using Implementation Intentions
Armeen, I., Niswanger, R., & Tian, C. (2024) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-024-10502-0 · Cited by 13
“This is achieved by making explicit the link between a specific outcome and a specific cue or cues (Sheeran et al., 2006 ; Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997 ; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Bargh, 1992 ).”
InfluentialGardner, B., Lally, P. J., & Rebar, A. L. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12600 · Cited by 16
Richter, N., Hunecke, M., & Blumenschein, P. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.014 · Cited by 12
Stakeholder engagement with AI service interactions
Chong, T., Yu, T., Keeling, D. I., de Ruyter, K., & Hilken, T. (2025) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12786 · Cited by 13
Tam, L., & Spanjol, J. (2011) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-011-9138-1 · Cited by 13
“Regardless of the goal pursuit strategy employed, goal attainment is also significantly enhanced by forming implementation intentions (i.e., planning when, where, how, and how long to act; Gollwitzer, Fuijta, and Oettingen 2004; Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006), which represent self-regulatory tools.”
MethodKruger, J., Brennan, A., Strong, M., Thomas, C., Norman, P. E., & Epton, T. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1011 · Cited by 13
“The intervention was developed based on three key psychological theories: self-affirmation [4], the Theory of Planned Behaviour [5], and implementation intentions [6].”
MethodEfficacy of a Computerized Simulation in Promoting Walking in Individuals With Diabetes
Gibson, B., Marcus, R. L., Staggers, N., Jones, J., Samore, M. H., & Weir, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1965 · Cited by 12
“Implementation intentions have been found to be strongly effective in translating intentions into action [12,22].”
BackgroundMethodResultEditor's choice: Optimizing healthy food preferences by serious gaming
Schakel, L., Veldhuijzen, D. S., Manaï, M., van Beugen, S., van der Vaart, R., van Middendorp, H., & Evers, A. W. M. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1675657 · Cited by 12
Ford, M. E., & Smith, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108869164 · Cited by 14
A theory‐based examination of self‐care behaviours among psychologists
Wong, H. J., & White, K. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2550 · Cited by 12
Wieland, L. M., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Limberger, M. F., & Nett, U. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695927 · Cited by 20
“Various difficulties can arise both within and in the transition between these phases, posing a challenge for self-regulation (discussed in detail by Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006; Wieber and Gollwitzer, 2010).”
BackgroundStephens, C. A. M., Eamiello, M. L., Venditti, L., Piibe, A., Zamboanga, B. L., & Reid, A. E. (2021) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2021.1970748 · Cited by 12
“In addition, research supports that change in intentions is positively correlated with adoption of health behaviors broadly and protective behavioral strategies specifically (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006; Webb and Sheeran 2006; Dvorak et al. 2016).”
BackgroundLower‐Hoppe, L. M., Aicher, T. J., & Baker, B. J. (2022) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2022.2125572 · Cited by 13
“Once club members have committed to a goal(s), the club coach can help members develop a tailored training programme based upon their speci fi ed goal(s) that clari fi es what, when, where and how they can implement appropriate goal-directed behaviours (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialLe, H. N., Trinh, T. A., Cuenen, A., Janssens, D., Wets, G., & Brijs, K. (2023) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2023.04.002 · Cited by 12
Implementation intentions forge a strong cue–response link and boost prospective memory performance
McCrea, S. M., Penningroth, S. L., & Radakovich, M. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.975816 · Cited by 12
“Our findings replicate and extend previous work showing that implementation intentions can improve PM performance (e.g., Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Gollwitzer et al., 2010, McDaniel & Scullin, 2010).”
BackgroundResultSommer, L., & Haug, M. (2012) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v1n1p32 · Cited by 12
Which psychological factors change when habitual water treatment practices alter?
Mosler, H., & Kraemer, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-011-0435-1 · Cited by 12
“In this study, we add maintenance beliefs— beliefs about how to put a behavior into practice—to this theory (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006) because such beliefs are responsible for the maintenance of behavior (as postulated in the Transtheoretical Model of Change; Prochaska and DiClemente 1983).”
BackgroundDavies, E. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316648481 · Cited by 12
“However, the mixed views could reflect that the content of the plans was not in line with participants’ goals, or that they did not anticipate that they would experience the situations described (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundEvaluation of a motivational pre-exercise music intervention
Hallett, R., & Lamont, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316674267 · Cited by 14
“Recognised barriers act as environmental cues and, through association with behaviours to overcome them, reduce the cognitive effort required to deal with them (Gollwitzer and Oettingen, 1998), possibly introducing a level of automaticity (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundPaech, J., & Lippke, S. (2017) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2017.1314287 · Cited by 13
“Volitional strategies come into play here: Action planning and coping planning can bridge the gap that might occur between intention and behaviour (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Hagger et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultAn Approach to Improve Physical Activity by Generating Individual Implementation Intentions
Doğangün, A., Schwarz, M., Kloppenborg, K., & Le, R. (2017) · ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP) · doi:10.1145/3099023.3099101 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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