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Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
Citations
Cites
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“Although accumulated research supports this idea (e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001; Sheeran, 2002; Sutton, 1998), there is also contrary evidence that gives credence to the proverb that ‘‘the road to hell is paved with good intentions’’ (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998; Sheeran, 2002).”
ResultCohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
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Envisioning the Future and Self-Regulation
Taylor, S. E. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395518.003.0051 · Cited by 10
“…simulation, allows behavior to proceed relatively automatically in response to environmental cues, whereas goal intentions, or a focus on the outcome, may be more dependent on selfinitiated behavior, and thus lead to greater brain activation and poorer performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Embodied cognition and temporally extended agency
Schlosser, M. E. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1320-4 · Cited by 10
“Consider so called “implementation intentions”: intentions to perform certain actions in certain circumstances (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
The Ego fixation hypothesis: Involuntary persistence of self-control
Koole, S. L., Mattie Tops, A., Strübin, S., Bouw, J., Schneider, I. K., Jostmann, N. B., Forgas, J. P., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2014) · VU Research Portal · Cited by 10
Brevers, D., Rogiers, A., Defontaine, A., Chéron, G., Clarinval, A.-M., Foucart, J., Bouchez, A., Bolly, V., Tsartsafloudakis, L., Jottrand, P., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00243 · Cited by 10
Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., & Sartori, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20583-6_7 · Cited by 10
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2010) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437191003717497 · Cited by 10
“However, implementation intention formation (Gollwitzer, 1993; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) is a self-regulatory tool that can promote intention realisation without relying on executive function and cognitive self-control capabilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCao, D. S., Schüz, N., Xie, G. R., & Lippke, S. (2013) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2012.738441 · Cited by 10
“Both constructs were introduced into recent theories and received good empirical support (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Schwarzer, 2008).”
MethodImplementing intentions to drink a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution during exercise
Hagger, M. S., & Montasem, A. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410902998262 · Cited by 10
“These augmentations, known as “implementation intentions”, have been effective in strengthening the link between intentions and behaviour (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ; Sheeran, Milne, Webb, & Gollwitzer, 2005 ).”
BackgroundHankonen, N. E. (2011) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 10
Improving translational research in building theory: a commentary on Head and Noar
Rhodes, R. E. (2013) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.814921 · Cited by 13
Following Through on Good Intentions: The Power of Planning PromptsPreprint
Milkman, K. L., Beshears, J. L., Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2031231 · Cited by 10
“The sticky note we study prompts people to form a plan or implementation intention of the form “when situation x arises, I will implement response y” (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006) and display a visual reminder of this plan in their environment.”
BackgroundKruglanski, A. W., Chernikova, M., & Köpetz, C. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0104 · Cited by 10
Targeting Behavioral Interventions Based on Baseline Motivation Increases Vaccine UptakePreprint
Brody, I., Dai, H., Saccardo, S., Milkman, K. L., Duckworth, A. L., Patel, M. S., & Gromet, D. M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2274413/v1 · Cited by 10
Norman, P., Webb, T. L., Millings, A., & Pechey, L. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz110 · Cited by 9
“…high-risk situations with appropriate strategies (e.g., If I am out with heavy drinking friends, then I will avoid drinking in rounds) has a medium sized effect ( d + = 0.59) on health-related behaviour [15] and a small sized effect ( d + = 0.25) on alcohol consumption in online interventions [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialSprawność intelektualna osób o odmiennych chronotypach
Jankowski, K. S. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487515.rozdzial10 · Cited by 8
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Hollingsworth, J. C., & Redden, D. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.866992 · Cited by 11
“Implementation intentions have been shown to facilitate action and goal achievement (46) by enhancing the mental accessibility of cues (Anchor Moments) and strengthening the link between cues and planned responses (Tiny Behaviors) (48, 49).”
BackgroundMethodPsychological preparedness & anticipatory response tendencies
Carroll, P. J., Norman, G., & McComis, J. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100965 · Cited by 11
Destination Image, COVID-19 Perceived Risk and Intention to Travel: Malaysian Case
Kumar, J., Shagirbasha, S., & Konar, R. (2023) · Academica Turistica · doi:10.26493/2335-4194.16.221-232 · Cited by 9
Smith, S. R., Kroon, J., Schwarzer, R., & Hamilton, K. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12489 · Cited by 11
Adla, S., Šaponjić, A., Tyagi, A., Nagi, A., Pastore, P., & Pande, S. (2024) · Hydrological Sciences Journal · doi:10.1080/02626667.2024.2376709 · Cited by 9
“2005, Schwarzer 2008) help individuals deal with conflicting goals and distracting cues when attempting to initiate and sustain a behaviour (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
Carrero, I., Valor, C., Palomo, R. R., & Vila, I. M. (2025) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2025.02.004 · Cited by 11
Redfern, J., Enright, G., Raadsma, S., Allman-Farinelli, M. A., Innes‐Hughes, C., Khanal, S., Lukeis, S., Rissel, C. E., & Gyani, A. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1161-3 · Cited by 11
“Other studies have also demonstrated that treatments that focus on behaviors, rather than outcomes have been effective in numerous meta-analyses to change behavior in general [30] and for promoting physical activity [31].”
ResultNydegger, L. A., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.035 · Cited by 9
“Behavioral intentions In a meta-analysis, Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that participants with extremely strong behavioral intentions were more likely to act (on any behavior) after forming IIs during an intervention.”
BackgroundThe Relative Effects of Abstract Versus Concrete Processing on Proactivity in Depression
Dey, S., Newell, B. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.001 · Cited by 9
“In some of these studies researchers have bstract Versus Concrete Processing on Proactivity in Depression, specifically tested and demonstrated the effects of forming implementation intentions in facilitating goal enactment (for a meta-analysis see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
ResultSchüler, J., Wolff, W., & Dettmers, C. (2019) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-019-0136-1 · Cited by 10
“The effectiveness of implementation intentions has been shown convincingly in meta-analyses (e.g. Gollwitzer and Sheeran [4]), and it has been explained by two processes.”
BackgroundInfluentialJumping in at the deep end! The role of motivational forces in starting a new venture
Linder, C., & Nippa, M. (2019) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-019-00598-1 · Cited by 9
“Given that intentions are only a preliminary stage of successful goal attainment because a host of subsequent implementation decisions have to been made (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006), it does not come as a surprise that extant research has revealed that intentions and the degree of initial motivation only explain a fr…”
ResultLiu, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437211055741 · Cited by 9
Schenkel, K., Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Lüscher, J., Scholz, U., Schaub, M. P., & Radtke, T. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12340 · Cited by 8
“…(e.g., internet- or laboratory based interventions) and behaviors and has been confirmed as successful in the context of stress reduction in general (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Hagger & Luszczynska, 2014) as well as concerning work-related stress (Gollwitzer et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChang, Y.-P., Way, B. M., Sheeran, P., Kurtz, L. E., Baucom, D. H., & Algoe, S. B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15650-4 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCourtney, J. B., & Russell, M. A. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01437-6 · Cited by 8
“Social pressure to drink could also interrupt follow-through on drinking intentions, as can unwanted feelings (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Sheeran & Webb, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStecher, C. D., Palimaru, A. I., Odiit, M., Lunkuse, L., Walukaga, S., & Linnemayr, S. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115567 · Cited by 9
van Timmeren, T., Džinalija, N., O’Doherty, J. P., & de Wit, S. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01990 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, implementation intentions lead to benefits in terms of efficient goal attainment (Gollwitzer, 2014; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundMeng, Y., Zhu, T., Chen, W., Zhou, H., Tao, L., Wang, X., Li, M., Zhang, X., Wang, D., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1377430 · Cited by 11
“In the after-decision and before-action stages, planning plays a crucial role in the realization of health target behaviors [average effect size of 0.65 (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006)]; thus, it is also called the planning stage.”
BackgroundInfluentialConsumer Usage of Mobile Visual Search in China
Meng, M., Liu, C., Huang, Z., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Global Information Management · doi:10.4018/jgim.349731 · Cited by 9
Wang, L., Li, X., Kai, Q., & Donghai, W. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102822 · Cited by 11
Conner, M. T., Grogan, S., Lawton, R., Armitage, C. J., West, R. M., Siddiqi, K., Gannon, B., Torgerson, C. J., Flett, K., & Simms‐Ellis, R. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-54 · Cited by 9
“Such plans can be formed before the opportunity to act presents itself and have been found to be an effective means to change a range of behaviours [11].”
InfluentialRodgers, W. M., Selzler, A., Haennel, R. G., Holm, S., Wong, E. Y. L., & Stickland, M. K. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9503-z · Cited by 9
The Use of Implementation Intentions to Promote Vitamin D Supplementation in Young Children
de Nooijer, J., Jansen, R., & van Assema, P. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4101454 · Cited by 9
“As a consequence, it is easier to recognize the situation and deliberation when encountering the situation is no longer necessary [7,11].”
BackgroundCommunication Group of the Spine Section of the French Society of Rheumatology, Mathy, C., Broonen, J.-P., Henrotin, Y. E., Marty, M., Legout, V., Genevay, S., Duplan, B., Bazin, T., Laroche, F., et al. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-111 · Cited by 9
“These implementation intentions are particularly efficient when the goal is difficult to reach or implies an unpleasant task [14,16].”
BackgroundThe Hidden Mechanisms of Prejudice: Implicit Bias and Interpersonal Fluency
Madva, A. (2012) · doi:10.7916/d84m9bp0 · Cited by 9
Self‐restraint spillover: Inhibitory control disrupts appetite regulation among ruminators
Schlinkert, C., & Koole, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12357 · Cited by 9
Implementation Intentions, Information, and Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study
Anderson, C. D., Loewen, P. J., & McGregor, R. M. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12467 · Cited by 9
Cocker, K. A. D., Cardon, G., Vergeer, I., Radtke, T., & Vandelanotte, C. (2019) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12167 · Cited by 9
Blalock, D. V., Calhoun, P. S., Crowley, M. J., & Dedert, E. A. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0966-3 · Cited by 8
Patel, M. S., Asch, D. A., Rosin, R. M., Small, D. S., Bellamy, S. L., Hoffer, K., Shuttleworth, D., Hilbert, V., Zhu, J., Yang, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0313 · Cited by 10
Autonomy-Supportive Interventions
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.035 · Cited by 13
Numbers and Units Affect Goal Pursuit Organization and Motivation
Lembregts, C., & Pena‐Marin, J. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1179 · Cited by 12
Hollingsworth, J. C., Young, K. C., Abdullah, S. F., Wadsworth, D. D., Abukhader, A., Elfenbein, B., & Holley, Z. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09355-4 · Cited by 10
“Implementation intentions have a medium-to-large effect on promoting engagement in various health behaviors, ranging from daily vitamin supplementation to self-breast examinations to exercise [30].”
BackgroundAn integrated dual‐process model for coping behaviour
Keech, J. J., & Hamilton, K. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3121 · Cited by 9
Chionis, D., & Karanikas, N. (2022) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1007/s11213-022-09590-3 · Cited by 11
“On the other hand, less inclined groups have been associated with forgetting to behave as the intervention directs, failing to seize opportunities to act as expected, relapsing to previous or unwanted behaviours, and being incompliant (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
BackgroundShim, C. Y., Chan, S. Y., Wei, Y., Ghani, H., Ahmad, L., Sharif, H., Alikhan, M. F., Bagol, S. H., Taib, S., Tan, C. W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.983571 · Cited by 13
Applying the Reasoned Action Approach and Planning to Understand Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors
Quinton, T. S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12100375 · Cited by 8
“Specifically, action plans facilitate in starting an intention and coping plans foresee any obstacles or challenges that may be encountered during the performance of behavior [62,63].”
BackgroundKramer, E. B., Knight, E. L., & Bryan, A. D. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac058 · Cited by 10
“Express testing” in STI clinics: extant literature and preliminary implementation data
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The intention-behavior gap - it's all under control (executive control)
Allen, J. (2008) · European Health Psychologist · Cited by 9
Neurophysiological Correlates of the Self-Regulation of Goal Pursuit
Gallo, I. S., Cohen, A.-L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6852-3_2 · Cited by 9
“…on the efficacy of implementation intentions (Gollwitzer 1993, 1999) has however revealed a medium to large effect size for implementation intentions with respect to the higher rate of goal attainment in comparison to acting on goal intentions alone (d =0.65; Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationAmaçlar İçin Mücadele Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi
Eryılmaz, A. (2015) · Usak University Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.12780/uusbd.19605 · Cited by 9
Motivational Models and Volitional Processes in the Promotion of Health Behaviors.
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QuikFix: enhanced motivational interviewing interventions for youth substance use
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“The second model is an attempt to provide a plausible account of how intentions can lead to the initial effortful striving to carry out goals, how repeated execution of behaviors can become automated habits, and how intervention techniques such as implementation intentions [13, 14] and reminders [15, 16] can support t…”
BackgroundMethodDavies, K., Armitage, C. J., Lin, Y., Munro, J., Walsh, T., & Callery, P. (2017) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-017-0171-6 · Cited by 9
“Implementation intentions are plans that draw people’s attention to salient cues and ensure that appropriate responses are activated by the cue, helping an individual to achieve a desired goal [2].”
BackgroundMethodMarsden, Z., Teahan, A., Lovell, K., Blore, D. C., & Delgadillo, J. (2018) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12159 · Cited by 9
Liu, L., Gan, M., Cui, J., Chen, T., Tan, S., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D., Wang, Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2018) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2018.1528143 · Cited by 9
“II might have worked by strengthening the encoding of PM cues and the link between PM cues and PM responses (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; McDaniel & Scullin, 2010).”
BackgroundWho provides feedback to older drivers when driving ability tails off: The role of age stereotypes
Söllner, M., & Florack, A. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.016 · Cited by 10
Walthers, J., Janssen, T., Mastroleo, N., Hoadley, A., Barnett, N., Colby, S. M., & Magill, M. (2018) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.003 · Cited by 6
“Given that appropriate planning has been associated with positive behavior change outcomes (Elfeddali, Bolman, Candel, Wiers, & De Vries, 2012; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Moody, Poe, & Bickel, 2017; Sniehotta, Schwarzer, Scholz, & Schuz, 2005), a more detailed examination of these discussions in…”
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Recomposing the Will : Distributed Motivation and Computer Mediated Extrospection
Häll, L., & Johansson, P. (2013) · Cited by 9
Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change
Łuszczyńska, A., Łobczowska, K., & Horodyska, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.023 · Cited by 10
'Facta Non Verba': An Experiment on Pledging and Giving
Sutan, A., Grolleau, G., Mateu, G., & Radu Vranceanu, B. (2015) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.01.006 · Cited by 9
“This technique, known as implementation intention, has been studied by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) in a meta-analysis of 94 independent experiments.”
Webb, T. L., Totterdell, P., & Ibar, D. N. H. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.960040 · Cited by 10
“For example, Webb, Schweiger Gallo et al. (2012) review how forming specific if–then plans (known as implementation intentions; Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) can help people to deal with difficulties during emotion regulation.”
BackgroundDoing Despite Disliking: Self-Regulatory Strategies in Everyday Aversive ActivitiesPreprint
Hennecke, M., Czikmantori, T., & Brandstätter, V. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ps7fk · Cited by 12
‘Non-Routine Entrepreneurs’: Another Path of Realizing Entrepreneurial Intentions
Chepurenko, A. Y. (2019) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci9020038 · Cited by 8
Roordink, E. M., Steenhuis, I. H., Kroeze, W., Hoekstra, T., Jacobs, N., & van Stralen, M. M. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac077 · Cited by 9
Peng, S., Othman, A. T., Khairani, A. Z., Zhou, Z., Zhou, X., Yuan, F., & Liang, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612457 · Cited by 11
“However, previous studies have identified a gap between intentions and behavior for certain complex behaviors [23,24], such as engaging in regular PA [25].”
BackgroundResultAnderson, A. C., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00504-4 · Cited by 12
Lesson Study as a Professional Development Model for Teaching Spatial Ability in Primary STEM
Bufasi, E., Čakāne, I., Greitāns, K., Dudareva, I., & Namsone, D. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14050512 · Cited by 15
“This has been proven effective in health, education, and lab settings [70].”
BackgroundBrunner, S. N., Bäuerlein, K., Conti, M., & Karlen, Y. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102656 · Cited by 16
Abels, C. M., Lopez-Lopez, E., Burton, J. W., Holford, D. L., Brinkmann, L. U. L., Herzog, S. M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2025) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1177/23794607251347020 · Cited by 14
“67 One rule might state: “Whenever my companion completely agrees with me, ask it to ponder the opposite position.””
Swann, C., Buchan, J., Calleja, E., Goddard, S. G., Clarke, M. M., Hawkins, R. M., Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., Vella, S. A., & Rosenbaum, S. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02373-5 · Cited by 8
“There is extensive evidence that strategies for goal striving/ implementation (such as self-monitoring, and if–then plans) can enhance goal attainment (e.g. [37]).”
Cho, J. Y., & Kizilcec, R. F. (2021) · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S) · doi:10.1145/3430895.3460138 · Cited by 8
“The mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) intervention was originally developed by psychologists to support effective goal pursuit and attainment [14].”
MethodSedentary work and participation in leisure–time physical activity
van As, S., Beckers, D. G. J., Veling, H., Hooftman, W. E., Kompier, M. A. J., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01750-7 · Cited by 10
“By making very specific plans for LTPA in advance, the cognitive effort that is required for planning physical activities is strategically shifted away from the moment someone is fatigued (Gollwitzer 1999; Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPromoting future-oriented thought in an academic context
Coughlin, C. A., Prabhakar, J., D’Esposito, Z., Thigpen, B., & Ghetti, S. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101183 · Cited by 8
Bösch, V. D., Warner, L. M., Nyman, S. R., Haftenberger, J., Clarke, K., & Inauen, J. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12621 · Cited by 7
“To increase physical activity, a variety of behaviour change strategies have been devised, of which implementation intentions have been considered to be particularly effective (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundDo Brief Lab-Based Interventions Decrease Coercive Conflict Within Couples and Parent–Child Dyads?
Slep, A. M. S., Heyman, R. E., Mitnick, D. M., Lorber, M. F., Rhoades, K. A., Daly, K. A., Nichols, S. R., & Eddy, J. M. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.01.006 · Cited by 8
Conjunctive and additive group work reduce academic procrastination: insights from a vignette study
Koppenborg, M., Klingsieck, K. B., & Hüffmeier, J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04294-w · Cited by 13
Khan, A., Sharma, L., Agrawal, S., Nayak, S. R., Shrivastava, R., Ahuja, R., Pandit, P., Singh, A., Singh, S., Naslund, J. A., et al. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04673-3 · Cited by 8
“…the “if” and “then” step of the ‘implementation intention’ activity (Niemiec, 2017) (Note: Implementation intentions are ‘if–then’ plans aimed at forging a link between a critical, unconditional situation with a goal-directed behavioural response: (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) .”
Keeler, A. R., Nydegger, L. A., & Crano, W. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145969 · Cited by 8
“, 2010), it seems plausible that using MCII to initiate help-seeking for mental health concerns may be a valid way to overcome the personality boundary conditions and ensure the individual forms sufficiently strong links between the critical cues and responses (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006) through the more intense in…”
BackgroundToyosawa, J., Takehashi, H., & Shimai, S. (2024) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12498 · Cited by 10
Juneau, C., Fall, E., Bros, J., Duc-Banaszuk, A.-S. L., Michel, M., Bruel, S., Asse, L. M. D., Kalecinski, J., Bonnay, S., Mueller, J. E., et al. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.080 · Cited by 8
Intérêt des interventions psychologiques en dialyse : étude exploratoire
Augusto, C. R., Krzesinski, J.-M., Warling, X., Smelten, N. S., & Étienne, A.-M. (2011) · Néphrologie & Thérapeutique · doi:10.1016/j.nephro.2010.12.006 · Cited by 8
Too Much Is as Bad as Too Little? Sources of the Intention-Achievement Gap in Sustainable Innovation
Yang, D., & Park, S. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8080712 · Cited by 8
“The weak relation between intentions and behavioral outcomes has also been well documented in many studies of social psychology [40–42].”
ResultPlanning Interventions to Change Behavior
Abraham, C., & Denford, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802690-8.00002-5 · Cited by 7
Hamilton, K., & Schwarzer, R. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0893-3 · Cited by 8
Accounting for mathematicians’ priorities in mathematics courses for secondary teachers
Lai, Y. (2018) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2018.08.001 · Cited by 8
Zhang, J., Tang, C., Guo, L., & Xu, H. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21148 · Cited by 8
Hybridizing consumer behavioural approaches on agrifood markets: Attitudes, judgements and choices
Salazar‐Ordóñez, M., & Rodríguez‐Entrena, M. (2019) · Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5424/sjar/2019172-14155 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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