The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
Citations
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“…health record (EHR) systems, providing reminders/prompts and cues, as well as brief interventions, to “nudge” provider–patient counselling and provide prompts for motivational interviewing to probe patient barriers to risk minimization actions, or prompt for implementation intentions [67].”
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“barriers that may hinder action plans and is a selfregulation strategy that requires for individuals to form “if-then” statements [30].”
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Uziel, L., Price, M., & Alquist, J. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1011559 · Cited by 4
“Implementation intentions are ‘if-then plans’ specifying “when, where, and how the person will instigate responses that promote goal realization” (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006, p. 70).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartow, J. H., Heaman, J. A. L., & Lumley, M. N. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584221137066 · Cited by 4
“While multiple studies have established the benefits of either mental contrasting or implementation intentions used separately (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Oettingen, 2012), more recent research has demonstrated the greatest benefit on goal attainment from using mental contrasting…”
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Carroll, P. J., McCaslin, M. J., & Norman, G. J. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00388.x · Cited by 4
“…– like experiences of possible self-formation – affect well-being by directly enhancing or diminishing future preparedness (Carroll et al., 2006; Carroll et al., 2009; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Gollwitzer & Oettingen, 2011; Oyserman & James, 2009; Wrosch, Scheier, Miller, Schulz, & Carver, 2003).”
BackgroundTroop, N. A. (2012) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312456320 · Cited by 4
“Meta-analysis shows that implementation intentions have a medium-to-large effect on behaviour (d = .65) (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
Bounded mirroring: Joint action and group membership in political theory and cognitive neuroscience
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“Or agents can, preliminary to their action, engage in implementation intention formation, supporting the automatic achievement of the predetermined goal without being distracted by undesirable aspects (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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Planning and the Control of Action
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“The process of item development of EIIC was guided by Gollwitzer (1999) and Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006).”
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Gantman, A. P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch13 · Cited by 4
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Reducing Procrastination by Scaffolding the Formation of Implementation Intentions
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“However, established intentions alone are not enough to reach a goal (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Stähler, J., Bieleke, M., Wolff, W., & Schüler, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b5sv2 · Cited by 5
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“The mental stimulation of their designs’ consequences is a step toward more socially beneficial outcomes [34, 52].”
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“Researchers have pointed out that students commit more readily to goals aligned with their personal values (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Schunk, 1985).”
Ciuró, A. H., Raya-Benítez, J., Mateo, A. C., Núñez, J. M., Martos, I. C., López‐López, L., & Valenza, M. C. (2024) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108454 · Cited by 3
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“It reflects the intensity of teachers’ willingness to make efforts to achieve the goal of reducing the rate of bullying (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ).”
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“…how real-time beliefs can trigger intention queries followed by recursive behavioral reasoning search and formulation, which then results in the clarified reasons to justify a shifted and solidified intention followed by behavioral implementation (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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“This approach, informed by research on implementation intentions [20] and coping planning [44], helped participants prepare for varying work conditions.”
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La volition est-elle un chaînon manquant de la prise en charge du patient lombalgique ?
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“[15] Gollwitzer P, Sheeran P.”
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“The relevance of situational cues in thoughts about the future is apparent in the implementation intention self-regulation strategy [1,10].”
BackgroundAnsätze für eine nachhaltige Bewegungsförderung
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Nichts ist praktischer als eine gute Theorie – Wenn Theorien praktisch werden
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A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth
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Mindset-Theorie der Handlungsphasen und Wenn-Dann-Pläne
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“• Participants can set goal or goals based on the implementation intentions (if and then) [22] methodology; visual feedback provides feedback on progress toward achieving the goal or goals set.”
BackgroundThe Framing Effect of Digital Textual Messages on Uptake Rates of Medical Checkups: Field Study
Maltz, A., Rashkovich, S., Sarid, A., Cohen, Y., Saifer, E., Belkin, N. A., Landau, T., & Alcalay, T. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/45379 · Cited by 5
“Implementation intentions [20,21] link potential outcomes (eg, results of medical tests) and reactions (eg, steps to be taken after results are received).”
BackgroundMoghadam, S., Hollands, L., Calitri, R., Swancutt, D. R., Lloyd, J., Hawkins, L. K., Sheaff, R., Dean, S. G., Perry, S., Watkins, R., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12737 · Cited by 4
“Several such strategies were articulated (e.g., bringing alternative snacks to a team meeting or developing ‘if-then’ plans to control one's response to an exposure; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Lindahl, T., & Linder, N. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108297 · Cited by 3
Toward Theory‐Based Volitional Personality Development Interventions at Work
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“Once priorities had been established, such DHIs could provide behavior change support for prioritized goals, including techniques shown to promote behavior change, such as defining SMART goals and implementation intentions (or If-Then planning) [37,38].”
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“On the other hand, explicit intent refers to the one the human explicitly expresses to another human, whether using natural language, gestures or any other type of code agreed upon by both and unequivocally understandable to both parties.”
Physical Activity Interventions
Biddle, S., & Gorely, T. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731763.013.0035 · Cited by 3
Decoupling Goal Striving From Resource Depletion by Forming Implementation Intentions
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Self-citationTobacco Control: Preventing Smoking and Facilitating Cessation
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What do we want? Examining the motivating role of goals in social movement mobilization
van Bezouw, M. J., & Kutlaca, M. (2019) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v7i1.796 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, research on goal attainment (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Polletta & Jasper, 2001) differentiates between final or outcome goals andmeans to achieve these outcome goals.”
BackgroundThe Effects of Perspective Taking Implementing Intentions on Employee Evaluations and Hostile Sexism
Mendoza, S. A., Shorinko, J., Martin, S., & Martone, L. E. (2019) · Personnel Assessment and Decisions · doi:10.25035/pad.2019.02.007 · Cited by 3
“Thus, the mental link formed between the if and then components automatizes action control, which increases goal attainment across a variety of domains (for a meta-analysis, see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundChoi, H., & Kim, S. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220928123 · Cited by 3
“…goals, and thus, in such a situation, disengagement represents more effective goal management than does persistence in a failing course of action (e.g., Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010; Sleesman et al., 2012; Staw, 1981; Wrosch, Scheier, Carver, & Schulz, 2003).”
BackgroundYang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01273 · Cited by 3
“, immediacy, efficiency, and redundancy of conscious intent (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundThe psychology of health-related behaviour change
Campbell-Danesh, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821573-9.00003-5 · Cited by 3
Vilà, I., Valor, C., & Redondo, R. (2022) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-021-00329-9 · Cited by 3
“II have been widely adopted in health promotion plans because they have proven successful in narrowing the gap between goal intention and behavior for different types of goals, as shown in previous meta-analyses (Adriaanse et al., 2011; Bélanger-Gravel et al., 2013; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
MethodGarner, N. J., Smith, J. R., Sampson, M., Greaves, C. J., & On Behalf of the NDPS Group (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2055026 · Cited by 3
“…associations between the use of action planning (along-side other intervention techniques) and dietary and physical activity behaviour change (Bélanger-Gravel et al., 2013; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Swann et al., 2020) and weight loss outcomes (Benyamini et al., 2013; luszczynska et al., 2007b).”
BackgroundReyes, H. L. M., Langoni, E. G. A., Sharpless, L., Blackburn, N., McCort, A. D., Macy, R. J., Moracco, K. E., & Foshee, V. A. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35487 · Cited by 3
“” Research supports this strategy, with a meta-analysis finding that implementation intentions have a moderate to large positive effect on goal attainment [23].”
BackgroundEngels, L., Mons, C., Mergelsberg, E. L. P., Kothe, E. J., Hamilton, K., Gardner, B., ten Hoor, G. A., & Mullan, B. A. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2134869 · Cited by 4
“However, although studies have repeatedly shown that planning influences goal achievement (Adriaanse & Verhoeven, 2018; Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) parents have also stated that they frequently struggle with planning and with sticking to their plans,whichhinders their ability to…”
BackgroundMotivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and Context
Stipek, D. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0005 · Cited by 4
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Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next Decade
Martin, A. J., Burns, E. C., Kennett, R., & Pearson, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0071 · Cited by 4
Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0021 · Cited by 4
Lessons Learned for Data-Driven Implementation Intentions with Mental Contrasting
Sefidgar, Y. S., Jörke, M., Suh, J., Saha, K., Iqbal, S. T., Ramos, G., & Czerwinski, M. P. (2023) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3573851 · Cited by 3
“II and MC have been successfully used for behavior change in a variety of settings, including health [7, 18], education [2, 9], and interpersonal problems [10, 15].”
BackgroundIso‐Ahola, S. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181671 · Cited by 4
“A second major strategy is to use “implementation intentions” (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
MethodEvaluation of an implementation intentions intervention for managing university student stress
Rackemann, L. J., Hamilton, K., & Keech, J. J. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3318 · Cited by 3
Raison, H., & Harris, R. V. (2023) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12922 · Cited by 3
Sarrasin, O., Gale, J., & Butera, F. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100179 · Cited by 4
“Whatever the goal in question, implementation intention theory (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006) indeed suggests that behaviours related to abstract objectives should be combined with situated information (e.g., guidelines) describing how to implement them concretely.”
Ellis, J. M., Burns, R. E., Mallawaarachchi, I. V., Wang, X.-Q., Aycock, C. A., Krunnfusz, A., Jones, J. A., Star, J. B., Patience, M. A., Cassidy, D., et al. (2024) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2024.2386606 · Cited by 3
“…intervention was built on a foundation of interactive dialogue consistent with the tenets of Motivational Interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 2013), established principles and practices of behavioral sleep medicine (Taylor & Roane, 2010), and the habit design literature (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
The Fitness-Validation Model of Propagandist Persuasion and the 5Ds of Propaganda
Adam‐Troian, J. (2024) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000442 · Cited by 4
Exploring Academic Procrastination: An In-Depth Survey of Procrastination Patterns
Jayalakshmi, V. J., & Punithavalli, M. (2024) · Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences · doi:10.1007/s41976-024-00144-w · Cited by 3
“The paper by Gollwitzer and Sheeran [18] discusses the benefits of using implementation intentions, which involves forming a plan for how to achieve a goal, to combat procras-tination.”
Student Perceptions of Adaptive Goal Setting Recommendations: A Design Prototyping Study
Borchers, C., Peng, C., Lyu, Q., Carvalho, P. F., Koedinger, K. R., & Aleven, V. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98462-4_31 · Cited by 3
He, J. C., Keller, B. B., & Kang, S. K. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00493-3 · Cited by 3
“Building on these insights, the theory of planned behaviour 56 proposes that behaviour change is more likely when people set concrete, specific goals and plan for the contexts in which they will activate and engage in these behaviours 57–59 .”
Obara-Gołębiowska, M., & Brycz, H. (2015) · Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.29359/bjhpa.07.2.05 · Cited by 3
Jaarsma, E. A., & Smith, B. M. (2019) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.27 · Cited by 4
Álvarez, E., Qutob, M., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Lavis, J. N., Lokker, C., Walli-Attaei, M., Samaan, Z., Sutton, A., Singh, J., Feeny, D. H., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031298 · Cited by 3
Effects of implementation intentions on subthreshold binge eating
Tanis, J., Vroling, M. S., Martijn, C., van Heijningen, L. A., Maas, J., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2021) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2020.1868650 · Cited by 3
Thu, N. Q., Hoàng, T. T., & Tân, H. K. (2020) · TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐẠI HỌC MỞ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - KINH TẾ VÀ QUẢN TRỊ KINH DOANH · doi:10.46223/hcmcoujs.econ.vi.13.2.510.2018 · Cited by 3
Wang, V. Y., Liu, S. E., Fuller, R., Cheng, C.-I., & Ragina, N. P. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.21710 · Cited by 3
“The idea of a knowledge-behavior gap is well described in the literature [19-22].”
BackgroundPerceptions of Interactive, Real-Time Persuasive Technology for Managing Online Gambling
Arden-Close, E. J., Bolat, E., Vuillier, L., & Ali, R. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98438-0_3 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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