The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms
Abstract
Depression is twice as common in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes as in the general population, and is associated with poor outcomes. Evidence is growing that depression and type 2 diabetes share biological origins, particularly overactivation of innate immunity leading to a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response, and potentially through dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Throughout the life course, these pathways can lead to insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, depression, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and increased mortality. Proinflammatory cytokines might directly affect the brain, causing depressive symptoms. In type 1 diabetes, mediators of depression are not well studied, with research hindered by inconsistent definitions of depression and scarcity of observational, mechanistic, and interventional research along the life course. Despite few studies, evidence suggests that familial relationships and burden of a lifelong disorder with an onset early in personality development might contribute to increased vulnerability to depression. Overall, longitudinal research is needed to identify risk factors and mechanisms for depression in patients with diabetes, particularly early in the life course. Ultimately, improved understanding of shared origins of depression and diabetes could provide the potential to treat and improve outcomes of both disorders simultaneously. These shared origins are targets for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Chronic diseases are associated with increased anxiety, depression and poor quality of life.
“These chronic diseases are also associated with increased anxiety, depression and poor quality of life.46,47”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for psychological wellbeing and quality of life in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Moulton, C. D., Pickup, J. C., & Ismail, K.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 461-471
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098914905
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 6.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- depression, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, shared mechanisms, innate immunity, inflammatory cytokines, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, mortality, familial risk, life course
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immunity, Innate, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Comorbidity, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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