Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: An earlier meta-analysis showed that diabetes is a risk factor for the development and/or recurrence of depression. Yet whether this risk is different for studies using questionnaires than for those relying on diagnostic criteria for depression has not been examined. This study examined the association of diabetes and the onset of depression by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on this topic. METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycInfo were searched for articles published up to September 2009. All studies that examined the relationship between type 2 diabetes and the onset of depression were included. Pooled relative risks were calculated using fixed and random effects models. RESULTS: Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Based on the pooled data, including 48,808 cases of type 2 diabetes without depression at baseline, the pooled relative risk was 1.24 (95% CI 1.09-1.40) for the random effects model. This risk was significantly higher for studies relying on diagnostic criteria of depression than for studies using questionnaires. However, this difference was no longer significant when controlled for year of publication. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Compared with non-diabetic controls, people with type 2 diabetes have a 24% increased risk of developing depression. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear and warrant further research.
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Diabetes is associated with high prevalence of depression.
“Diabetes is associated with high prevalence of depression76.”
From Diabetes in Older Adults: A Consensus Report (2012) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- for the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium, Nouwen, A., Winkley, K., Twisk, J., Lloyd, C. E., Peyrot, M., Ismail, K., & Pouwer, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- The Open University (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Nouwen, A.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2010-08-14
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2480-2486
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC2974923
- OpenAlex
- W2080910583
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, depression, depression onset, risk factors, longitudinal study, relative risk
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Risk Factors, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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