Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
Open accessAbstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps.
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Long-standing, largely type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with roughly 2-fold increased incidence of PDAC.
“Diabetes is a particular interest as it is both a risk factor for the development of PDAC, with a roughly 2-fold increased incidence of PDAC in long-standing, largely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as being a consequence of PDAC.210”
From Artificial Intelligence and Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: 2020 Summative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [210]
The diabetes experienced by most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is of recent onset, diagnosed less than 24-36 months before diagnosis, and is improved by surgical resection of the tumour.
“The diabetes experienced by most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is of recent onset (diagnosed less than 24–36 months before diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), and is improved by surgical resection of the tumour.48”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
Substantial research points towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-induced hyperglycaemia and diabetes.
“with substantial research pointing towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-induced hyperglycaemia and diabetes.48”
From Early detection of pancreatic cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [7]Mohapatra S Majumder S Smyrk TC Diabetes mellitus is associated with an exocrine pancreatopathy: conclusions from a review of literature Pancreas 2016 45 1104 10 26918874 PMC5833980
- [119]Hart PA Chari ST Diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer: why the association matters? Pancreas 2013 42 1207 09 24152945 PMC3826564
- [130]Andersen DK Andren-Sandberg A Duell EJ Pancreatitis-diabetes-pancreatic cancer: summary of an NIDDK-NCI workshop Pancreas 2013 42 1227 37 24152948 PMC3878448
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Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes
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Is screening for pancreatic cancer in high-risk individuals one step closer or a fool's errand?
Hart, P. A., & Chari, S. T. (2019) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHu, C., Yin, L., Chen, Z., Waldron, R. T., Lugea, A., Lin, Y., Zhai, X., Wen, L., Han, Y.-P., Pandol, S. J., et al. (2021) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.031 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hart, P. A., Bellin, M. D., Andersen, D. K., Bradley, D., Cruz-Monserrate, Z., Forsmark, C. E., Goodarzi, M. O., Habtezion, A., Korc, M., Kudva, Y. C., Pandol, S. J., Yadav, D., & Chari, S. T.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- University of Minnesota Medical Center (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hart, Phil A
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-237
- ISSN
- 2468-1156 (ISSN-L)
- 2468-1253
- PMC
- PMC5495015
- OpenAlex
- W2531851839
- Cited by
- 551
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- PMC
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01BX001484)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50AA011999)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA163200)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK108327, U01DK108320, U01DK108300, U01DK108306, U01DK108323, U01DK108314, P30DK097512, U01DK108288, P01DK098108)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Keywords
- type 3c diabetes, pancreatic diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, exocrine pancreatic disease, hyperglycemia, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal, Pancreatitis, Chronic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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