The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Abstract
In this 1992 book John Zaller develops a comprehensive theory to explain how people acquire political information from elites and the mass media and convert it into political preferences. Using numerous specific examples, Zaller applies this theory to the dynamics of public opinion on a broad range of subjects, including domestic and foreign policy, trust in government, racial equality, and presidential approval, as well as voting behaviour in U.S. House, Senate, and presidential elections. The thoery is constructed from four basic premises. The first is that individuals differ substantially in their attention to politics and therefore in their exposure to elite sources of political information. The second is that people react critically to political communication only to the extent that they are knowledgeable about political affairs. The third is that people rarely have fixed attitudes on specific issues; rather, they construct 'preference statements' on the fly as they confront each issue raised. The fourth is that, in constructing these statements, people make the greatest use of ideas that are, for various reasons, the most immediately salient to them. Zaller emphasizes the role of political elites in establishing the terms of political discourse in the mass media and the powerful effect of this framing of issues on the dynamics of mass opinion on any given issue over time.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An obvious concern is that political surveys, such as the ANES, prime people with highly partisan content, which then biases how they think about the other party (Zaller, 1992).”
From Measuring affective polarization: Matching concepts to measures (2026) · cites this paper as Zaller, 1992
In the citing paper
“El efecto perturbador de las redes sociales sobre el establecimiento de la agenda, por lo tanto, varía según los usuarios que procesan determinada información atrayendo la atención de sus amigos virtuales (Aruguete, 2016; Zaller, 1992).”
From #Tarifazo. Medios tradicionales y fusión de agenda en redes sociales (2018) · cites this paper as Zaller, 1992
In the citing paper
“In the field of political communication, individuals strongly interested in politics should therefore process political information more thoroughly than individuals less strongly interested in politics (e.g., Zaller, 1992).”
From The detection of political deepfakes (2022) · cites this paper as Zaller, 1992
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse
Schmidt, V. A. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135342 · Cited by 3,664
“There is an extensive literature on how elites shape mass public opinion by establishing the terms of the discourse and by framing the issues for the mass media and, thereby, for the mass public (e.g., Zaller 1992; see discussion in Art 2006, ch. 2).”
BackgroundWhen Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
“In terms of external validity, college students are more educated than average and may thus be more able to resist corrections (Zaller 1992).”
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054 · Cited by 3,071
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790881 · Cited by 2,737
Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models
Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x · Cited by 2,788
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x · Cited by 2,229
Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600 · Cited by 2,125
Schmidt, V. A. (2010) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s175577390999021x · Cited by 1,726
Understanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511
A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x · Cited by 1,558
“…and regulation of the media are thought to be significant influences on the ability of citizens to cast informed votes or, conversely, the ability of elites to shape public opinion through the news (Bennett, 1990; Bennett, Lawrence, & Livingston, 2007; Curran et al., 2008; Zaller, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialInferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes
Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A., & Hall, C. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110589 · Cited by 1,508
Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions
Bartels, L. M. (2002) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1021226224601 · Cited by 1,468
The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda
Burstein, P. (2003) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290305600103 · Cited by 1,541
Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance
Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2952075 · Cited by 1,422
Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education
Galston, W. A. (2001) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217 · Cited by 1,411
“Political knowledge, then, is a key determinant of instrumental rationality (see also Zaller 1992).”
BackgroundFour Phases of Mediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics
Strömbäck, J. (2008) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161208319097 · Cited by 1,373
The Futures of European Capitalism
Schmidt, V. A. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0199253684.001.0001 · Cited by 1,346
On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?
Druckman, J. N. (2001) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00100 · Cited by 1,311
Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection
Kahan, D. M. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005271 · Cited by 1,302
“…too much difficulty fitting in: Conformity to peer influences, receptivity to elite cues, and sensitivity to intuitions calibrated by the same will ordinarily guide them reliably to stances that cohere with and express their group commitments (Zaller, 1992; Gastil, Braman, Kahan & Slovic, 2011).”
BackgroundPennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 · Cited by 1,360
The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence
Druckman, J. N. (2001) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1015006907312 · Cited by 1,345
Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies
Anderson, C. J., & Tverdova, Y. V. (2003) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00007 · Cited by 1,358
Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations
Citrin, J., GREEN, D. P., Muste, C. P., & Wong, C. J. (1997) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2998640 · Cited by 1,222
Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x · Cited by 1,266
The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12394 · Cited by 1,183
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157 · Cited by 1,223
Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship
Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00033 · Cited by 1,167
Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure
Stroud, N. J. (2008) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9 · Cited by 1,154
“Freedman and Sears 1965) continue to influence current research (see, for example, Kinder 2003; Zaller 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x · Cited by 1,159
Media and Political Polarization
Prior, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 · Cited by 1,125
Brulle, R. J., Carmichael, J. T., & Jenkins, J. C. (2012) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0403-y · Cited by 1,221
Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055407070554 · Cited by 1,127
Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?
Alford, J. R., Funk, C. L., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055405051579 · Cited by 995
“Antecedent conditions, in turn, are believed to 2 To his credit, Zaller (1992) goes on to acknowledge a possible role for “inherited” traits in shaping predispositions (23). be shaped by “personal circumstances” such as “family, neighborhood, region . . . and early group experiences” (Marcus et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialRedlawsk, D. P. (2002) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00161 · Cited by 978
“2 But see Zaller (1992) for some strong skepticism about the role of on-line processing.”
BackgroundThe “Macro” and the “Micro” of Legitimacy: Toward a Multilevel Theory of the Legitimacy Process
Bitektine, A. B., & Haack, P. (2014) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0318 · Cited by 1,098
Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects
Druckman, J. N. (2004) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055404041413 · Cited by 992
Information and Expression in a Digital Age
Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205279209 · Cited by 1,021
“The treatment of information seeking as antecedent to these other variables is consistent with a large body of theoretical and empirical work on the mobilizing potential of media advanced in political science, sociology, and communication (Almond & Verba, 1963; Coleman, 1990; Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996; Habermas, 19…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBerinsky, A. J., Margolis, M. F., & Sances, M. W. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12081 · Cited by 951
Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement
Verba, S., Burns, N. E., & Schlozman, K. L. (1997) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2998592 · Cited by 942
Mettler, S. B., & Soss, J. (2004) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592704000623 · Cited by 986
Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects
Nelson, T. E., Oxley, Z. M., & Clawson, R. A. (1997) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1024834831093 · Cited by 975
Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D. A., Stewart, M. C., & Whiteley, P. (2004) · doi:10.1093/019924488x.001.0001 · Cited by 931
Huff, C., & Tingley, D. (2015) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168015604648 · Cited by 903
Stenner, K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614712 · Cited by 942
A Narrative Policy Framework: Clear Enough to Be Wrong?
Jones, M. D., & McBeth, M. K. (2010) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00364.x · Cited by 1,050
“Alternatively, ideology, measured on a single dimension ranging from liberalism on the left and conservatism on the right, is found to structure politically sophisticated preferences in educated classes of Americans (e.g., Converse, 1964, Zaller, 1992).”
BackgroundNorris, P. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790980 · Cited by 956
The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12138 · Cited by 941
Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion
Oliver, J., & Wood, T. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12084 · Cited by 689
The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence
Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y · Cited by 904
“Developing counter-arguments would be unusually effortful, as sophisticated respondents can simply filter out, rather than counterargue, unwelcome facts (Zaller 1992).”
BackgroundCalculation, Community and Cues
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2005) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116505057816 · Cited by 878
Campbell, A. L. (2011) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 · Cited by 917
Norm Perception as a Vehicle for Social Change
Tankard, M. E., & Paluck, E. L. (2016) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12022 · Cited by 883
“Part of the perceived legitimacy of the mass media derives from individuals’ belief that it is run by a society’s elites (Zaller, 1992).”
BackgroundInequality and Democratic Responsiveness
Gilens, M. (2005) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfi058 · Cited by 832
PARTY POLARIZATION IN AMERICAN POLITICS: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences
Layman, G. C., Carsey, T. M., & Horowitz, J. M. (2006) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138 · Cited by 827
Anderson, C. J., Blais, A., Bowler, S., Donovan, T., & Listhaug, O. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0199276382.001.0001 · Cited by 848
Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence
Druckman, J. N., & Nelson, K. R. (2003) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00051 · Cited by 841
Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion
Nelson, T. E., & Kinder, D. R. (1996) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2960149 · Cited by 799
Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing
Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad9713 · Cited by 798
Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate
BULLOCK, J. G. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000165 · Cited by 777
Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice
Caprara, G. V., Schwartz, S. H., Capanna, C., Vecchione, M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2006) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00447.x · Cited by 812
A Method of Automated Nonparametric Content Analysis for Social Science
Hopkins, D. J., & King, G. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00428.x · Cited by 765
What can we learn from 25 years of PUS survey research? Liberating and expanding the agenda
Bauer, M. W., Allum, N., & Miller, S. D. (2007) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662506071287 · Cited by 771
“There are also models that link information, knowledge and values in the formation of preferences, and the role of “cues” as substitutes for political information (Zaller, 1991, 1992).”
BackgroundMOTIVATED SKEPTICISM IN THE EVALUATION OF POLITICAL BELIEFS (2006)
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2012) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2012.711019 · Cited by 760
Political opportunity structures and right‐wing extremist party success
Arzheimer, K., & Carter, E. (2006) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00304.x · Cited by 764
Ansolabehere, S. D., Rodden, J., & Snyder, J. M. (2008) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055408080210 · Cited by 737
Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002
Arzheimer, K. (2009) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00369.x · Cited by 751
Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects
Slothuus, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2010) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s002238161000006x · Cited by 736
Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology: Implications of Structural Complexity
Feldman, S., & Johnston, C. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12055 · Cited by 731
Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *
Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2014) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qju020 · Cited by 715
Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation
Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12164 · Cited by 722
Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure
Bartels, L. M. (1993) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2939040 · Cited by 735
Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust
Miller, J. M., Saunders, K. L., & Farhart, C. E. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12234 · Cited by 741
Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate
Garrett, R. K. (2009) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x · Cited by 714
Fact-checking: a meta-analysis of what works and for whom
Walter, N., Cohen, J., Holbert, R. L., & Morag, Y. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894 · Cited by 690
“Despite this expectation of a strong effect of fact-checkers, Zaller (1992) argues that not all information is used to shape beliefs and that people combine portions of available information with preexisting opinions when forming their political beliefs.”
BackgroundBasic Personal Values, Core Political Values, and Voting: A Longitudinal Analysis
Schwartz, S. H., Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2010) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00764.x · Cited by 673
“People may lack the perseverance to attend carefully to the messages or the analytic capacity to discern their implications for basic values (Gordon & Segura, 1997; Zaller, 1992).”
BackgroundBode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2015) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12166 · Cited by 666
Explaining Social Policy Preferences: Evidence from the Great Recession
Margalit, Y. M. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055412000603 · Cited by 657
Carsey, T. M., & Layman, G. C. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00196.x · Cited by 633
Partisanship, health behavior, and policy attitudes in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Gadarian, S. K., Goodman, S. W., & Pepinsky, T. B. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249596 · Cited by 744
The Dynamics of Public Attention: Agenda-Setting Theory Meets Big Data
Neuman, W. R., Guggenheim, L., Jones-Jang, S. M., & Bae, S. Y. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12088 · Cited by 705
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001192 · Cited by 649
The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences
Ahler, D. J., & Sood, G. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/697253 · Cited by 586
Party Identification and Core Political Values
Goren, P. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00161.x · Cited by 640
Baum, M., & Potter, P. (2007) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132 · Cited by 608
“…1984, Zhang & Cameron 2003 5) Powlick 1991, Eisinger 2003, Meuller 1995 13) Sharkey 1993, Wolfsfeld 2004, Stetch 1994, Rotberg & Weiss 1996 6) Zaller 1992, Lewis 2001, Brody 2001, Jentleson 1992 14) DeRound & Peake 2000, Clark 2003, James & Oneal 1991, Meernik 2004 1002 yasmaR & lluK…”
BackgroundGERBER, A. S., GIMPEL, J. G., GREEN, D. P., & SHAW, D. R. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305541000047x · Cited by 596
Tesler, M. (2012) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00577.x · Cited by 588
McCoy, J., & Somer, M. (2019) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218818782 · Cited by 595
Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Levendusky, M. S. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12008 · Cited by 587
The Political Conditioning of Economic Perceptions
Evans, G., & Andersen, R. (2005) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00380.x · Cited by 593
The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In
Gorp, B. V. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00329.x · Cited by 677
The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations: introduction and framework
Tallberg, J., & Zürn, M. (2019) · The Review of International Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11558-018-9330-7 · Cited by 682
Evidence of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults' Political Predispositions
Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1999) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647773 · Cited by 581
Partisan Perceptual Bias and the Information Environment
Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381612000187 · Cited by 425
Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits
Oxley, D. R., Smith, K. B., Alford, J. R., Hibbing, M. V., Miller, J. L., Scalora, M. J., Hatemi, P., & Hibbing, J. R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1157627 · Cited by 584
Elected in 100 milliseconds: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting
Olivola, C. Y., & Todorov, A. T. (2010) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0082-1 · Cited by 601
“However, since the seminal work of Converse (1964; see also Zaller 1992), it has been known that the majority of voters are largely ignorant about political issues.”
BackgroundRemote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China
Stockmann, D., & Gallagher, M. E. (2011) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414010394773 · Cited by 575
Persuasion: Empirical Evidence
Dellavigna, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2010) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124309 · Cited by 615
“Also, non-informative dimensions may affect belief formation through channels such as framing, salience, and attention (Zaller 1992; Mullainathan, Schwarzstein, and Shleifer 2008), making the distinction between belief-based and preference-based models blurry.”
BackgroundYou’ve Either Got It or You Don’t? The Stability of Political Interest over the Life Cycle
Prior, M. (2010) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381610000149 · Cited by 588
Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., & Langer, G. E. (2009) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01220.x · Cited by 560
Metadata
- Authors
- Zaller, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zaller, John R.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1992-08-28
- OpenAlex
- W4300170376
- Cited by
- 7,785
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 392 · 2025: 487 · 2024: 402 · 2023: 360 · 2022: 461 · 2021: 456 · 2020: 483 · 2019: 463 · 2018: 381 · 2017: 353 · 2016: 297 · 2015: 306 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 248 · 2012: 287
- FWCI
- 89.00
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- mass opinion, political information acquisition, political elites, mass media, political preferences, public opinion dynamics, political attention, political knowledge, salience, framing effects, political discourse, public trust in government, racial equality, presidential approval, voting behavior, United States elections
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
