Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics

Fontana, Luis; Bermudez-Brito, Miriam; Plaza-Diaz, Julio; Muñoz-Quezada, Sergio; Gil, Angel

doi:10.1017/s0007114512004011

Cited by 348Probiotics and Fermented FoodsGut microbiota and healthInfant Nutrition and Health

Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics

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Fontana, Luis, Bermudez-Brito, Miriam, Plaza-Diaz, Julio, Muñoz-Quezada, Sergio, Gil, Angel·2013·British Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1017/s0007114512004011

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Abstract

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, provide health benefits to the host. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, which are isolated from traditional fermented products and the gut, faeces and breast milk of human subjects. The identification of microorganisms is the first step in the selection of potential probiotics. The present techniques, including genetic fingerprinting, gene sequencing, oligonucleotide probes and specific primer selection, discriminate closely related bacteria with varying degrees of success. Additional molecular methods, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis/temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation, are employed to identify and characterise probiotics. The ability to examine fully sequenced genomes has accelerated the application of genetic approaches to elucidate the functional roles of probiotics. One of the best-demonstrated clinical benefits of probiotics is the prevention and treatment of acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea; however, there is mounting evidence for a potential role for probiotics in the treatment of allergies and intestinal, liver and metabolic diseases. These positive effects are generally attributed to the ability of probiotics to regulate intestinal permeability, normalise host intestinal microbiota, improve gut immune barrier function and equilibrate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, the positive effects of probiotics are not always substantiated by findings from properly conducted clinical trials. Notably, even when the results from randomised, placebo-controlled trials support the beneficial effects of a particular probiotic for a specific indication, the benefits are generally not translatable to other probiotic formulations.

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Probiotic survival can be influenced by exposure to low pH conditions of the stomach and bile acids, which can be tested in vitro.
“Probiotic survival can also be influenced by exposure to low pH conditions of the stomach and bile acids, which can be tested in vitro 43 .”
From Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 probiotic vs placebo, and impact on gut transit time, symptoms, and gut microbiology in chronic constipation (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
Caco-2 cells resemble mature enterocyte cells in the small intestine of humans and form crypts, forming a homogeneous typical epithelial monolayer.
“These cells resemble mature enterocyte cells in the small intestine of humans and form crypts, forming a homogeneous typical epithelial monolayer [43-45].”
From Probiotic and Antifungal Attributes of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates from Naturally Fermented Brazilian Table Olives (2022) · cites this paper as [44]

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Authors: Fontana, L., Bermudez-Brito, M., Plaza-Diaz, J., Muñoz-Quezada, S., & Gil, A.
Affiliations: Universidad de Granada (ES)
ORCID: Fontana, Luis
Venue: British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2013-01-29
Volume: 109
Issue: S2
Pages: S35-S50
ISSN: 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
1475-2662
DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004011
OpenAlex: W2064041589
Cited by: 348
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords: probiotics, lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, probiotic isolation, DNA fingerprinting, oligonucleotide probes, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, genome sequencing, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, health benefits of probiotics, intestinal permeability, gut microbiota, cytokines
MeSH terms: Animals, Bifidobacterium, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Intestinal Mucosa, Milk, Human, Permeability, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Cultured Milk Products, Microbial Viability, Lactobacillales

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