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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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The emotional component of inner speech: A pilot exploratory fMRI study
Viacheslav, I., Vartanov, A., Bueva, A., & Бронов, О. (2022) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105939 · Cited by 11
Ma, X., Wang, X., & Gao, Z. (2023) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968231186022 · Cited by 15
“Among the most studied emotion regulation strategies are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross, 2002; 2015).”
BackgroundMuhundan, S., & Jeon, M. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2235837 · Cited by 10
“In this process model, one of the most widely accepted strategies is the attention deployment emotion regulation strategy which involves distracting an individual from an affective source to assist the driver to concentrate on the driving environment (Gross, 2002).”
Goal-Dependent Hippocampal Representations Facilitate Self-Control
Edelson, M. G., & Hare, T. A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0951-22.2023 · Cited by 11
Smith, P. J., Whitson, H. E., Merwin, R. M., O’Hayer, C. V., & Strauman, T. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1256430 · Cited by 8
“…to use reappraisal strategies may cope more effectively in many antecedent-focused coping scenarios relative to suppressing emotional expression (Gross, 2002; Gross and Barrett, 2011; Gross, 2013), whereas acceptance-based strategies may work more effectively in some response-focused scenarios.”
BackgroundHeshmati, R., Abbasoghli, P. H., Pour, N. S. Y., & Habibi, M. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14070137 · Cited by 11
“This includes both conscious and unconscious techniques for altering or managing the physical, behavioral, or subjective components of an emotional reaction [36].”
BackgroundEmotional activation in a cognitive behavioral setting: extending the tradition with embodiment
Hauke, G., Lohr, C., & Shafir, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409373 · Cited by 13
“…emotions unfold over time, these emotion regulation strategies are often differentiated along the time axis of the emotion-generating process (although they can also run in parallel) (Gross, 2002): the first process is situation selection—we decide whether we want to approach or avoid a situation.”
BackgroundHorner, S., Lulla, R., Wu, H. M., Shaktivel, S., Vaccaro, A. G., Herschel, E., Christov‐Moore, L., McDaniel, C., Kaplan, J., & Greening, S. G. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01232-6 · Cited by 10
“According to the modal model of emotion regulation, emotion regulation consists of situation focused, attention focused, cognition focused, and response focused stages (Gross, 2002, 2014).”
Pannu, A. S., & Goyal, R. K. (2024) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2409227 · Cited by 10
“Cinematherapy creates a carefully curated space where participants can engage with a range of emotions depicted in films, fostering a therapeutic environment that encourages self-discovery, expression, and cathar-sis (Gabbard & Gabbard, 1999; Greenberg, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
Finley, A. J., Baldwin, C. L., Hebbring, T. M., van Reekum, C. M., Thayer, J. F., Davidson, R. J., & Schaefer, S. M. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001348 · Cited by 11
“…the experience of negative emotions and is associated with an array of negative outcomes relative to other emotion regulation strategies, including increased psychological distress, reduced rapport with others, less social support, reduced likeability, and reduced relationship closeness (16 – 21).”
Barra, S., Machalica, P. K., Retz‐Junginger, P., Merscher, J., Crombach, A., & Retz, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87861-4 · Cited by 8
Brillon, P., Dewar, M., Lapointe, V. A., Paradis, A., & Philippe, F. L. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000187 · Cited by 10
“In fact, when someone experiences emotional dysregulation, they may feel at the mercy of their emotions, feel overwhelmed by them, or express their emotions in a clumsy, unconstructive, or unwarranted way [15,18].”
InfluentialAncient Indian perspectives and practices of mental well-being
Bhati, R., Mandal, M. P., & Singh, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1616802 · Cited by 17
Do cute language style chatbots make consumers more unethical?
Chen, J., Ke, W., Wu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102941 · Cited by 14
Modelle der Handlungsmotivation zur erfolgreichen Entwicklung
Freund, A. M., Weiss, D. J., & Nikitin, J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34805-1_11 · Cited by 8
Emotions and Emotion Regulation in Coaching
Davis, P., & Davis, L. (2016) · Cited by 15
Gerger, G., Pelowski, M. J., & Ishizu, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000528 · Cited by 9
Regulación emocional y memoria de trabajo en el desempeño académico
Andrés, M. L., Vernucci, S., Coni, A. G., Richard's, M. M., Amazzini, M. L., & Paradiso, R. (2020) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v14i2.2284 · Cited by 14
ANAYURT, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2021) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.818048 · Cited by 8
Hadjittofi, M., Gleeson, K., & Arber, A. (2021) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12427 · Cited by 9
Yl, L., Wang, X., Gui, S., Tong, F., Liu, Z., Yang, L., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2104107 · Cited by 10
Tobe, H., Sakka, M., Kita, S., Ikeda, M., & Kamibeppu, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192214953 · Cited by 11
Reliability and Validity of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire in Romanian Adults
Putnoky, S., Șerban, D. M., Banu, A., Ursoniu, S., & Șerban, C. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010026 · Cited by 10
“The extensive use of expressive suppression was found to be an obstacle in emotional expression [50].”
BackgroundJustice perceptions and reappraisal: A path to preserving employee resilience
Holley, E. C., Thiel, C. E., & Avey, J. B. (2023) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2023.2174120 · Cited by 9
“…regulation strategy has been found to be one of the most effective at not only reducing experienced negative emotions, but also protecting the well-being of an individual, as they respond to adverse/stressful events (Aldao et al., 2010; Gross & John, 2003; Gross, 1998, 2002; Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe yin and yang of employee voice: an exploratory study
Goel, A., Khan, N., & Dyaram, L. (2023) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-06-2022-0453 · Cited by 8
Zhang, X.-L., Yan, W., Xu, C., Yang, A., Shen, Z.-H., & Guo, X. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3248 · Cited by 8
“Gross (2002) proposed a process model of emotion regulation based on the location of various emotion regulation strategies in the emotional process.”
MethodMediating role of splitting in relation to attachment styles and shopping addiction
Rezaieh, S. A., Ghorbani, N., & Farahani, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249591 · Cited by 8
“It assists individuals in learning how to manage and regulate negative emotions while under distress (Gross, 2002; Mikulincer et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFischer, V. J., Andersson, G., Billieux, J., Infanti, A., & Vögele, C. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2264863 · Cited by 13
“…that poor emotion regulation interferes with adaptive coping, leading to adverse psychological consequences such as anxiety and depression (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Ehring, Tuschen-Caffier, Schnülle, Fischer, & Gross, 2010; Gross, 2002; Vujanovic, Zvolensky, & Bernstein, 2008).”
BackgroundLinhui, H., Yuan, X., Chen, Q., & Wang, X. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17133-1 · Cited by 9
“This finding aligns with Gross’s [65] proposed function of cognitive reappraisal, which posits that emotional responses are reduced by altering the perception of emotional events at the level of personal meaning.”
ResultChildhood trauma, psychache, and depression among university students: a moderated mediation model
Chen, S., Fu, T., Wang, Y., & Sun, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1414105 · Cited by 11
“Based on a perspective of Emotion Regulation theory, Gross (31) pointed out that individuals regulate their emotions by integrating multiple factors interconnected with coping and self-esteem.”
BackgroundCross-modal enhancement of defensive behavior via parabigemino-collicular projections
Peng, B., Huang, J., Li, Z., Zhang, L. I., & Tao, H. W. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.052 · Cited by 8
Park, H.-S., Moon, K.-K., & Ha, T.-S. (2024) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire7080291 · Cited by 8
“This intensive regulation not only consumes substantial cognitive resources but also results in a significant depletion of one’s emotional reserves [41].”
BackgroundLiu, G., Namaziandost, E., Rezai, A., & Heydarnejad, T. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12654 · Cited by 11
Validation of a method of assessing socioemotional regulation in preschoolers
Baurain, C., & Nader‐Grosbois, N. (2011) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2011.05.007 · Cited by 8
Stevens, F. L. (2016) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2016.1149777 · Cited by 11
Yıldız, M. A., & Kızıldağ, S. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.295331 · Cited by 8
Shahbazirad, A., & Azizi, M. (2018) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Trait Mindfulness Moderates Reactivity to Social Stress in an All-Male Sample
Lin, J., Massar, S. A. A., & Lim, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01422-6 · Cited by 9
“More specifically, learned strategies to channel one’s responses could allow an individual to exert some control over the extent of engagement in the emotional response (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundGay, P., & Genoud, P. A. (2020) · Recherches en éducation · doi:10.4000/ree.572 · Cited by 19
“• Réguler les émotions De nombreuses recherches se sont intéressées à la régulation des émotions, à la hausse ou à la baisse, avant, pendant et après un événement (Gross, 2002 ; Gay, Schmidt & Van der Linden, 2010 ; Mikolajczak & Desseilles, 2012 ; Richard, 2019).”
BackgroundSaudi EFL Teacher Professional Identity and Emotions: Emotions Regulation Perspective
Alharbi, M. S., & Ahmad, H. (2020) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol11no3.24 · Cited by 10
“For instance, hiding one’s frustration and angst after failing in an exam is response modulation arousal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAntebi‐Gruszka, N., Friedman, A. A., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2020) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2020.1859424 · Cited by 8
Barchakh, Z., Valandani, Z. M., & Khorvash, F. (2021) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.9.1.740.1 · Cited by 8
Burr, E. K., Dvorak, R. D., Stevenson, B. L., Schaefer, L. M., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2021) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101561 · Cited by 9
Pfeiffer, L. J., Knobloch, N. A., Tucker, M. A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension · doi:10.1080/1389224x.2021.1942090 · Cited by 8
“2008), the importance of emotional regulation (Tamir 2016) and active listening (Gross 2002), and an openness to understanding others’ perspectives (Vespia and Filz 2012) when engaging in controversial issues (Rogers and Farson 1957; Wallerstein and Duran 2003; Steiner et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialBoelens, E., Beveren, M. V., Raedt, R. D., Verbeken, S., & Braet, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637436 · Cited by 10
“On the flipside, maladaptive ER strategies are associated with an increase in negative and a decrease in positive affect and is associated with more overall psychopathology in the long-term (Gross, 2002; Aldao et al., 2010; Werner and Gross, 2010).”
BackgroundSolomon, C., DiLorenzo‐Garcia, A., & Johnson, S. M. (2022) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12175 · Cited by 8
DesRuisseaux, L. A., Suchy, Y., & Franchow, E. I. (2022) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2022.2055651 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, ES is thought to be particularly taxing because it fails to improve subjective emotional experience (gross, 1998, 2002; gross & Levenson, 1993), thereby requiring modulation of emotional responses for extended periods of time (e.g., maintaining socially appropriate affect; John &…”
BackgroundPsychological Capital Relates With Teacher Enjoyment: The Mediating Role of Reappraisal
Zhou, X., & Zheng, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879312 · Cited by 8
“Thus, the negative emotional impact can be decreased as people shift their perspectives and start to perceive things positively (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003).”
BackgroundKirwan, M., Davis, K. C., Stappenbeck, C. A., & George, W. H. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2089862 · Cited by 8
“Among the many ER strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression have received particularly close attention due to the contrasts between how they are employed, when they occur during the emotion regulation process, and the typical outcomes associated with them (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundToplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutumu ile Duygu Düzenleme Arasındaki İlişki
SUMBAS, E., & Erdemi̇r, N. (2022) · Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.14582/duzgef.2021.170 · Cited by 8
Affective Computing Model With Impulse Control in Internet of Things Based on Affective Robotics
Hui, H., Lin, F., Yang, L., Gong, C., Xu, H., Han, Z., & Shi, P. J. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3176323 · Cited by 8
“…on the Gross’s conceptual framework of emotion regulation, the generation, and inhibition of one emotion is stronger than its transformation into other emotions, i.e., the self-motivation coefficient b i and self-inhibition coefficient a ii should be greater than interaction coefficient a ij [40].”
BackgroundMachine Learning Human Behavior Detection Mechanism Based on Python Architecture
Jinnuo, Z., Goyal, S. B., Verma, C., Raboacă, M. S., & Mihălţan, T. C. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10173159 · Cited by 12
Lee, Y. H., & Cho, H. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541231153488 · Cited by 8
Alinajimi, F., Deldar, Z., Dehghani, M., & Khatibi, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.983350 · Cited by 10
“Another key factor that can influence the pain experience are emotion regulation skills (Gross, 2002; Hamilton et al., 2004; Paquet et al., 2005; Connelly et al., 2007; Agar-Wilson and Jackson, 2012; Braams et al., 2012; Compas et al., 2017; Koechlin et al., 2018; Aaron et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFosco, S. L. D., Schussler, D. L., & Jennings, P. A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02182-9 · Cited by 8
“Emotion Regulation The 10-item Emotion Regulation Questionnaire measured suppression and reappraisal on a 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree scale (ERQ; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundNarimani, M., Ariapooran, S., Abolghasemi, A., & Ahadi, B. (2012) · Cited by 8
Porro, M., Andrés, M. L., & Espínola, S. S. R. (2012) · Repositorio Institucional E-DocUR (Universidad Del Rosario) · Cited by 8
Sullivan, P. J., Keller, M., Paternostro, J., & Friedberg, R. D. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-014-9293-9 · Cited by 8
“More specifically, ER refers to the ways individuals experience and express different mood states (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundEmotionale Ambivalenz, Körperbeschwerden, Depressivität und soziale Interaktion
Deighton, R. M., & Traue, H. C. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149.14.4.158 · Cited by 8
Differential Effects of Incongruent Anger Expression on Memory Performance
Perbandt, K. (2007) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.3.129 · Cited by 8
Perceived emotional intelligence and aggression among adults: The moderating role of gender
Peláez-Fernández, M. Á., Extremera, N., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2014) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12076 · Cited by 10
Is Empathy Necessary for the Practice of “Good” Medicine
Bouma, H. K. (2008) · The Open Ethics Journal · doi:10.2174/1874761200802010001 · Cited by 8
“…is a crucial activity of the prefrontal cortex, reducing negative affect “with few of the physiological, cognitive, or social costs associated with other emotional-regulatory strategies, such as the suppression of emotion-expressive behaviour” (Ochsner et al., 2002, p. 1215; Gross, 2002, p. 289).”
BackgroundSTRES DAN STARETEGI COPING PADA ANAK DIDIK DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN ANAK
Sholichatun, Y. (2011) · Psikoislamika Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam · doi:10.18860/psi.v0i1.1544 · Cited by 8
Emotionsdysregulation im Kindesalter
Schipper, M., Kullik, A., Samson, A. C., Koglin, U., & Petermann, F. (2013) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000175 · Cited by 9
Carthy, T., Benaroya-Milshtein, N., Valevski, A., & Apter, A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0067 · Cited by 8
“Emotion regulation refers to attempts that individuals make to influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how these emotions are experienced or expressed (Gross 2002).”
Krendl, A. C. (2018) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2018.1475152 · Cited by 8
“Reappraisal strategies in emotion regulation paradigms have been widely demonstrated to be effective in reducing negative emotional responses for both young adults (YA) (for review, see Gross, 2002) and OA (e.g., Phillips et al., 2008; Shiota & Levenson, 2009; but see Opitz et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodGraham‐Engeland, J. E., Song, S., Mathur, A., Wagstaff, D. A., Klein, L. C., Whetzel, C. A., & Ayoub, W. T. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118796655 · Cited by 8
“…where they were asked to focus on sadness may have felt the need to suppress their anger and/or have had difficulty regulating their emotion, both phenomena related to adverse behavioral, cognitive, and physiological outcomes (Gross, 2002; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996).”
BackgroundEmotion-modulated startle reflex during reappraisal: Probe timing and behavioral correlates.
Zähringer, J., Schmahl, C. G., Ende, G., & Paret, C. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000271 · Cited by 9
Malkoç, A., Gördesli, M. A., Arslan, R., Çekici, F., & Sünbül, Z. A. (2018) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.481162 · Cited by 9
“One of the most important requirements for future studies related to the subject of interpersonal emotion regulation is to have a valid and reliable means of measuring the phenomena. According to literature on the field, Niven, Totterdell, Stride and Holman (2011) were the first to develop the “Emotion Regulation of O…”
BackgroundInfluentialTrait-level emotion regulation and emotional awareness predictors of empathic accuracy
Eckland, N. S., & English, T. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9741-z · Cited by 8
Case Conceptualization in Clarification-Oriented Psychotherapy
Sachse, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813521-1.00007-2 · Cited by 8
Roy, H., Wasylyshyn, N., Spangler, D. P., Gamble, K. R., Patton, D., Brooks, J., Garcia, J. O., & Vettel, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00054 · Cited by 8
“…intensity of negative experiences (Gross and Levenson, 1993; Ochsner et al., 2004; Etkin et al., 2015), including emotional reappraisal where individuals explicitly reinterpret a negative stimulus or event to be more positive (Richards and Gross, 2000; Gross, 2002; Hajcak and Nieuwenhuis, 2006).”
BackgroundValidating the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) in Trinidad
Ali, S., & Alea, N. L. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.33582/2637-8027/1003 · Cited by 8
Donati, M. R., Masuda, A., Schaefer, L., Cohen, L., Tone, E., & Parrott, D. J. (2019) · Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.550 · Cited by 6
Tobe, H., Sakka, M., & Kamibeppu, K. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0344-6 · Cited by 8
“ER refers to “extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions, their intensive and temporal features in particular, to accomplish one’s goals” [32, 33].”
BackgroundPower decreases the moral condemnation of disgust-inducing transgressions
Mooijman, M., Kouchaki, M., Beall, E., & Graham, J. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.04.005 · Cited by 9
Özcan, N. A., & Sünbül, Z. A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00912-z · Cited by 9
Giuliani, N. R., Cosme, D., Merchant, J. S., Dirks, B., & Berkman, E. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.577669 · Cited by 10
“Cognitive reappraisal, the regulation strategy employed in the present study, is thought to be relatively less effortful compared to more response-focused regulation strategies like suppression (Gross, 2002).”
REGULASI EMOSI SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DARING
Ayuningtiyas, C. (2020) · Dharmas Education Journal (DE_Journal) · doi:10.56667/dejournal.v1i2.123 · Cited by 8
Diers, K., Dörfel, D., Gärtner, A., Schönfeld, S., Walter, H., Strobel, A., & Brocke, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255800 · Cited by 8
“It has been assumed that reappraisal is advantageous because the emotional response has not fully unfolded and the affective value of an event itself is altered [6,7].”
BackgroundHu, W., & Yang, J. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1923690 · Cited by 8
“For example, to keep mental health and upward mood in the context of being criticized by the superior, people need to rely on their internal coping resources, rather than reward consumption to alleviate the stress response instantly (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundImportância das técnicas de relaxamento na terapia cognitiva para ansiedade
Willhelm, A. R., Andretta, I., & Ungaretti, M. S. (2015) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2015.81.08 · Cited by 10
Changes in Affect and Drinking Outcomes in a Pharmacobehavioral Trial for Alcohol Dependence
Vaughan, M. D., Hook, J. N., Wagley, J. N., Davis, D. E., Hill, C. L., Johnson, B. A., & Penberthy, J. K. (2011) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0b013e31821e1072 · Cited by 10
“ER refers to the process of optimizing both levels of PA and NA, impacting the types of emotion felt, as well as when, and how they are experienced.(37) Learned over time through life experience, ER involves a wide range of complex cognitive and behavioral skills to manage attention, modifying perception of life event…”
BackgroundHariharan, A., Adam, M. T. P., Astor, P. J., & Weinhardt, C. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/npe0000040 · Cited by 11
EXPLORING OLD AND NEW PATHS IN THEODICY
Sollereder, B. (2018) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12425 · Cited by 8
“According to the study, “reappraisal is a process of reinterpreting the meaning of a stimulus leading to a change in one’s emotional response to it” (Weich, 474, Cf. Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodOhlsson, A., Wallenius, C., & Larsson, G. (2014) · Journal of International Peacekeeping · doi:10.1163/18754112-1804011 · Cited by 8
Goulter, N., Balanji, S., Davis, B. A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3vmrj · Cited by 8
Coping with Emotional Distress via Self-Disclosure to Robots: Intervention with CaregiversPreprint
Laban, G., Morrison, V. L., Kappas, A., & Cross, E. S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gbk2j · Cited by 8
The psychophysiology of emotion regulation: Next generation approaches
MacNamara, A., Joyner, K. J., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.03.003 · Cited by 8
Villalongo Andino, M., Garcia, K. M., & Richey, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1331200 · Cited by 7
“CR involves reframing one’s perspective to diminish or intensify emotional impact, thus altering the interpretation of the situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHorn, A. B., Zimmerli, L., Maercker, A. R. A., & Holzer, B. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213927 · Cited by 9
“Emotion regulation has been defined as the way that people deal with their emotional responses, by maintaining, decreasing, or increasing the occurrence and intensity of their emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Fan, Y., Lin, J., & Shi, S. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17910 · Cited by 6
“It attenuates the subjective experience of emotion, predominantly by curbing the impending or active emotional expressions ( Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundÜSTÜNDAĞ, A. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23300 · Cited by 12
Ladas, A. I., Gravalas, T., Katsoridou, C., & Frantzidis, C. A. (2024) · Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bosn.2024.10.002 · Cited by 7
Li, P., Chen, J., Duan, Z., Xu, W., & Feng, Y. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121191 · Cited by 8
Ma, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, W., & Zhao, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21205-1 · Cited by 7
“Emotion regulation refers to the process of flexibly adjusting emotions and generating new emotions according to environmental demands [27], playing a crucial role in the adaptive functioning of individuals.”
Ren, Q., Yang, T., Wang, Y., Lui, S. S. Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae172 · Cited by 7
“25 The former type reduces the expressions of explicit behaviors induced by emotions, while the latter type reinterprets the situations that have elicited the experienced emotions.”
Leipold, B., Loidl, B., Saalwirth, C., & Loepthien, T. (2025) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649251321693 · Cited by 9
“Here, emotion regulation refers to any processes aimed at altering the emotional experience by regulating the elicitation and/or the expression of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Yang, Y., Wang, J., Lin, H., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Kuang, J., Yao, Y., Wang, T., & Fu, C. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02699-9 · Cited by 10
“Families and schools are of great importance to the improvement in adolescent emotion regulation and management to help them cope effectively with daily challenges [38–41].”
Kaur, J., & Chauhan, A. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00506-w · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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