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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,901–2,000 of 4,870
Liu, J., Xu, Z., Zhu, L., Xu, R., & Jiang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988314 · Cited by 14
Current study on the influence of psychological factors on returning to sports after ACLR
Du, T., Shi, Y., Huang, H., Liang, W. Y., & Miao, D. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12434 · Cited by 19
Xu, B., Wei, S., Yin, X., Jin, X., Yan, S., & Jia, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.927389 · Cited by 15
“…antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies because it focuses on helping individuals reinterpret and understand the nature and significance of the situation or stimulus that triggers their emotions and makes them take action at the early stage of the emotion generation process (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe origin of pleasant sensations: Insight from direct electrical brain stimulation
Villard, C., Dary, Z., Léonard, J., Villalon, S. M., Carron, R., Makhalova, J., Lagarde, S., Lopez, C., & Bartoloméi, F. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.007 · Cited by 18
“They can improve cognitive and social capacities by facilitating decision making, problem solving, social interaction and creativity (Ashby et al., 1999; Carpenter et al., 2013; Fredrickson, 2004; Gross, 2002)).”
BackgroundLin, M.-H. J., Jones, W., & Childers, T. L. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2166 · Cited by 19
Zhou, J., Zhao, H., & Zou, Y. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231192237 · Cited by 17
“Theories such as the process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002) and general strain theory (Agnew, 1992) suggest that environmental traumatic experiences do not always result in inevitable consequences for all individuals.”
BackgroundThe role of engagement and arousal in emotion regulation: an EEG study
Kosonogov, V., Ntoumanis, I., Hajiyeva, G., & Jääskeläinen, I. P. (2023) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06741-3 · Cited by 15
“This is in accordance with the psychological view that reappraisal is a cognitive change, while suppression is a response modulation, which takes place later (Gross 2002).”
InfluentialLiu, Z., Bao, T., Yang, Z., Ruan, Y., Gao, C., & Wu, J. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s462202 · Cited by 16
“The process model of emotion regulation, 17 which categorizes individual emotion regulation into first-focused and response-oriented strategies based on the temporal sequence in which it occurs.”
MethodResultModelling Chinese EFL learners’ engagement in language MOOCs: a control-value perspective
Yang, L., & Li, R. (2024) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2024.2386543 · Cited by 14
“…undermined EFL learner engagement, while pride had a positive effect on engagement, in the classroom, teachers should train them to adopt both the downregulation strategies of negative emotions and upregulation strategies of positive emotions to regulate their academic emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Affective Video Content Analysis: Decade Review and New Perspectives
Xue, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Zhang, Q., & Wu, X. (2024) · Big Data Mining and Analytics · doi:10.26599/bdma.2024.9020048 · Cited by 16
“…can help evaluate users’ mental health, detect emotional abnormalities, and assist recommendation algorithms in recommending suitable videos to adjust emotions, thereby preventing the deepening of mental issues for users or even the occurrence of extreme behavior in society as a whole [4, 5].”
BackgroundYang, Y., & Ma, L. (2025) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-025-02066-1 · Cited by 19
“The findings indicated that including the keyword “emotion regulation” in the prompt enables GPT to identify the most widely adopted theoretical framework in this area, namely James Gross’s model (Gross 2002, 2015; Gross and Barrett 2011).”
David, D. (2013) · Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology · Cited by 14
Empirical Analysis of Social Support Provided via Social Media
Medeiros, L., & Bosse, T. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47874-6_30 · Cited by 14
Sibelli, A., Chalder, T., Everitt, H., Workman, P., Bishop, F. L., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2017) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12264 · Cited by 19
A study of the validity and reliability of the online homework emotion regulation scale
Xu, J., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2017) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.050 · Cited by 14
Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Denkova, E., Weymar, M., & Dolcos, S. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56591-8_5 · Cited by 15
An Emotional Skills Intervention for Elementary Children with Autism in China: A Pilot Study
Lee, G. T., Xu, S., Feng, H., Lee, G. K., Jin, S., Li, D., & Zhu, S. (2018) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0295-5 · Cited by 17
“Emotion regulation, as defined by Gross (2002), is the process of how individuals experience and express emotions, including how individuals modify and change the experienced emotions.”
BackgroundProfiling undergraduate students from a Romanian medical university
Romosan, R. S., Dehelean, L., Enatescu, V.-R., Bredicean, A. C., Papavă, I., Giurgi-Oncu, C., & Romoșan, A. M. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s165797 · Cited by 17
“Emotion regulation strategies refer to those particular psychological mechanisms that people use to deal with their emotions, which can be done consciously, or unconsciously.(8) Emotion dysregulation indicates the various troublesome manners in which individuals face and react to emotional problems, and has been assoc…”
Oberleitner, L., Lumley, M. A., Grekin, E. R., Smith, K. M. Z., Loree, A. M., Carty, J. N., & Valentino, D. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1521426 · Cited by 14
“According to multiple lines of theory and research, these emotional processes can provide insight, motivation, and direction to adaptive cognition and behavior and can resolve trauma, stress, or conflict (Gross, 2002; Kennedy-Moore & Watson, 1999; Nesse & Ellsworth, 2009).”
BackgroundCondon, L. A., Benford, P., Kontou, E., Thomas, S., & Walker, M. F. (2019) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2019.1623472 · Cited by 14
“Previous research highlights the negative implications of stroke carers suppressing emotions(34) and the implications on adjusting to the caring role(35), along with emotional suppression being potentially detrimental to carers’ long-term physical and emotional health.(35) This was supported by the accounts described…”
ResultQUALITY OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION REGARDING SOCIAL ANXIETY
Juretić, J. (2018) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2018.441 · Cited by 14
“The suppression of emotions reduces levels of intimacy with partners, as well as their support (Gross 2002, Gross et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMEMEories: Internet Memes as Means for Daily Journaling
Terzimehić, N., Schött, S. Y., Bemmann, F., & Buschek, D. (2021) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3461778.3462080 · Cited by 14
Personality Factors in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review
Galli, F., Scotto, L., Ravenda, S. P., Zampino, M. G., Pravettoni, G., & Mazzocco, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590320 · Cited by 14
“ER refers to the processes that individuals use to identify which emotions they have, when they have them, and how these emotions are experienced and expressed (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundResultCalluso, C., Devetag, M. G., & Donato, C. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111407 · Cited by 16
Visserman, M. L., Muise, A., Righetti, F., Horne, R. M., Le, B. M., Côté, S., & Impett, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000384 · Cited by 19
“…as well as research demonstrating the power of reappraisal — cognitively changing the way a situation is construed in order to manage one ’ s emotional response — in promoting people ’ s emotional, psychological, and relational well-being (Denny & Ochsner, 2014; Gross, 2002, Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation-enhanced group treatment for gambling disorder: a non-randomized pilot trial
Månsson, V., Molander, O., Carlbring, P., Rosendahl, I. K., & Berman, A. H. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03630-3 · Cited by 19
A process model of team emotion regulation: An expansion of Gross' individual ER model
Kazemitabar, M., Lajoie, S. P., & Doleck, T. (2022) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2022.100612 · Cited by 17
Prefrontal cortical thickness, emotion regulation strategy use and COVID-19 mental health
Dimanova, P., Borbás, R., Schnider, C. B., Fehlbaum, L., & Raschle, N. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac018 · Cited by 14
“Emotion regulation skills describe a set of abilities allowing control over the intensity, duration or extent of an emotional experience (Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSchweizer, S., Leung, J. T., Kievit, R., Speekenbrink, M., Trender, W. R., Hampshire, A., & Blakemore, S. (2019) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15229.1 · Cited by 14
Dispositional mindfulness, emotional regulation and perceived stress among nursing students
da Costa, D. A. V., Kogien, M., Hartwig, S. V., Ferreira, G. E., Guimarães, M. K. D. O. R., & Ribeiro, M. R. R. (2022) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0086en · Cited by 18
Gender influences on emotional self-regulation among Malaysian academicians
Haron, H., Mustafa, S. M. S., & Alias, R. A. (2010) · Cited by 15
Muggleton, J., Guy, H., & Howard, R. A. (2014) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000698 · Cited by 14
Massah, O., Sohrābi, F., Aazami, Y., Doostian, Y., Farhoudian, A., & Daneshmand, R. (2016) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.24327 · Cited by 19
“The prerequisite for intervening in emotional problems is to correct or eradicate maladaptive strategies and to teach adaptive strategies (6, 14).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThomsen, M., Ruocco, A., Uliaszek, A. A., Mathiesen, B. B., & Simonsen, E. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_250 · Cited by 8
“Enhanced emotion regulation has been associated with higher memory function (Gross, 2002; Hayes et al., 2010) and attentional abilities (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2011), which may indicate that greater emotional stability through treatment may have downstream influences on the efficiency of memory encoding and retrieval.”
BackgroundHefner, K. R., Verona, E., & Curtin, J. J. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12660 · Cited by 14
Talaei‐Khoei, M., Nemati-Rezvani, H., Fischerauer, S., Ring, D., Chen, N. C., & Vranceanu, A. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.005 · Cited by 14
Bettmann, J. E., Scheinfeld, D. E., Prince, K. C., Garland, E. L., & Ovrom, K. V. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000213 · Cited by 14
Anger Inhibition and Pain Modulation
Toledo, T. A., Hellman, N. M., Lannon, E. W., Sturycz, C. A., Kuhn, B. L., Payne, M. F., Palit, S., Guereca, Y. M., Shadlow, J. O., & Rhudy, J. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz016 · Cited by 14
“Anger inhibition in the context of James Gross’ (2002) modal model of emotion and process model of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAge Differences in Emotion Regulation and Facial Muscle Reactivity to Emotional Films
Labuschagne, I., Pedder, D. J., Henry, J. D., Terrett, G., & Rendell, P. G. (2019) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000501584 · Cited by 14
Effective Connectivity Between Broca’s Area and Amygdala as a Mechanism of Top-Down Control in Worry
Guha, A., Spielberg, J. M., Lake, J. I., Popov, T. G., Heller, W., Yee, C. M., & Miller, G. A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619867098 · Cited by 14
“The inability to effectively regulate negative emotion represents a vulnerability to the development of psychopathology (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Luan Phan, 2007; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundKindermann, D., Zeyher, V., Nagy, E., Brandenburg-Ceynowa, H., Junne, F., Friederich, H., Bozorgmehr, K., & Nikendei, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109977 · Cited by 16
Inducing Anxiety through Video Material
Bosse, T., Gerritsen, C., Man, J. D., et al. (2014) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07857-1_53 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, participants that applied emotion regulation strategies (in particular reappraisal [9]) experienced the images as significantly less intense when viewing them again, an effect that persisted six months later.”
BackgroundGender moderates the self-regulatory consequences of suppressing emotional reactions to sexism
Johnson, S. E., Mitchell, M. A., Bean, M. G., Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209344867 · Cited by 17
“…of emotion suppression Emotion suppression (i.e., expressive suppression) is an emotion regulation strategy defined as an individual’s efforts to prevent “ongoing emotion-expressive behavior” (e.g., frowns, facial signs of distress and alarm) from being outwardly visible (Gross, 2002, p. 283).”
Expected consequences of anger‐related behaviours
Coillie, H. V., & Mechelen, I. V. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.580 · Cited by 14
Everything under control? Daily dynamics of self-control and emotion regulation
van den Bekerom, L., Donker, M. H., Mainhard, T., & Evers, C. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10101-1 · Cited by 13
“Both momentary self-control and emotion regulation are susceptible to situational influ - ences, such as previous attempts at self-control, affect and motivation (Ridder et al., 2012; Gross, 2002).”
Quyen, B., McKone, K. M. P., Hofman, S. J., Morrow, K. E., Brehm, M. V., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70009 · Cited by 16
“…of emotion regulation imply that regulatory process is conscious and effortful, sometimes purely through semantics (e.g., attentional “deployment”; Gross, 2002, p. 283), there is broad recognition that emotion regulation processes often occur quickly, are highly dynamic (Silk, 2019), and are…”
Ma, Q.-S., Chun, B., & Yao, S.-J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02670-8 · Cited by 24
“This sequential arrangement—where mindfulness first influences CER, which then affects burnout—aligns with Emotion Regulation Theory and Self-Regulation Theory [19], which suggest that enhanced emotional awareness and regulation lead to better psychological outcomes.”
Emotion Regulation and Aggression: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Smith, K., Jones, A., Daly, N., Widdrington, H., Garofalo, C., & Gillespie, S. M. (2025) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.70055 · Cited by 29
“…suppress experiential, behavioural, and physiological responses associated with an ongoing emotion, whereas adaptive strategies like cognitive reappraisal might produce more subtle effects on aggression and operate more indirectly through cognitive re-framing and modifying appraisals (Gross 2002).”
Malhi, G. S., Das, P., Outhred, T., Bryant, R. A., & Calhoun, V. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.255 · Cited by 13
Reece, A., Carr, E. W., Baumeister, R. F., & Kellerman, G. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249851 · Cited by 24
“Emotion regulation strategies are crucial in promoting more adaptive psychological, physiological, and interpersonal responding to social stressors [76].”
BackgroundCienfuegos-Szalay, J., Moody, R. L., Talan, A. J., Grov, C., & Rendina, H. J. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1963649 · Cited by 16
“Emotion regulation refers to a set of processes and strategies used to modify or maintain the intensity of emotions individuals experience in order to produce appropriate responses to environmental demands (Aldao, 2013; Bookhout et al., 2018; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundZuzama, N., Roman‐Juan, J., Fiol‐Veny, A., & Balle, M. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01302-7 · Cited by 17
“ER is a process that is relevant to adaptive functioning and through which individuals influence how they experience and express emotions [3].”
BackgroundBrunning, L., & Milam, P. (2022) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12899 · Cited by 14
Lee, J., & Son, C. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00473-z · Cited by 16
“During this period, behavioral inhibition, decrease in concentration, and distraction behavior are most amplified, and emotional management becomes important compared to childhood and adulthood (Cracco et al., 2017; Davey & Levy, 1998; Gross, 2002; He-won. & Yeon-soo, 2016).”
BackgroundHoffman, S. N., Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.10.003 · Cited by 17
Contextual Inequality in the Performance Costs of Financial Precarity
Meuris, J., & Gladstone, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231153136 · Cited by 14
Segal, O., Sher, H., Aderka, I. M., & Weinbach, N. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104303 · Cited by 13
Colombo, B., Hamilton, A., Telazzi, I., & Balzarotti, S. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02424-9 · Cited by 13
“Within the theoretical framework provided by the Process Model of emotion regulation [45, 46], studies on emotion regulation typically contrast cognitive reappraisal (an antecedent-focused strategy) to expressive suppression (a response-focused strategy), which has been defined as the attempt to actively inhibit one’s…”
BackgroundSexting Behavior by Young Adults: The Correlation between Emotion Regulation and Moral Judgment
Ricon, T., & Dolev-Cohen, M. (2023) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2023.2212189 · Cited by 13
“Young men are more likely to adopt a strategy of expressive suppression – that is, showing no outward signs of emotion (Sesar & Dodaj, 2019), while the cognitive strategy of reappraisal is used equally by both men and women (Gross, 2002; Melka et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluence of social support on cognitive reappraisal in young adults elevated on neuroticism
Metts, A. V., & Craske, M. G. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104355 · Cited by 19
Sanchez, T. A., Ramos, L. R., Araujo, F., Schenberg, E. E., Yonamine, M., Lobo, I., de Araújo, D. B., & Luna, L. E. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117430 · Cited by 14
Age and Burnout: The Mediating Role of Emotion-Regulation Strategies
Mendes, B., & Miguel, I. C. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13050274 · Cited by 26
“Moreover, studies indicate that the practice of reappraisal can be a helpful technique in controlling adverse emotions and reducing their negative effects, therefore promoting better health outcomes (Gross 2002; John and Gross 2007; Scheibe and Moghimi 2021).”
BackgroundYüksel, H. G., Solhi, M., Özcan, E., & Giritlioğlu, N. B. (2024) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2024.2403463 · Cited by 16
“…ER is a goal-oriented regulatory processing of emotional arousal, it may manifest itself unconsciously or consciously (Gross 1998), through which individuals automatically or in a controlled way might opt for different emotional reactions in diverse contexts (Gross 2002; Wang, Chen, and Chen 2021).”
Metaverse advertising and promotional effectiveness: The route from immersion to joy
Kumar, R., Mukherjee, S., & Bose, I. (2024) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2024.114386 · Cited by 13
Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects
Johnson, K. V. ‐., & Steenbergen, L. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-025-00123-z · Cited by 17
“Here,wefocusourinvestigationonassessingtheeffectsofprobioticson emotion regulation (the ability to control one ’ s experience and expression of emotions) since this is a crucial and transdiagnostic factor in many mental disorders 36 .”
Merhi, R. (2015) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2015.03.00147 · Cited by 13
“Cognitive reappraisal, on the other hand, preserves the individual’s cognitive and affective resources as it involves taking action before the emotional response occurs [2,4,5].”
BackgroundInfluentialAppraisals and Reappraisals in the Courtroom
Ellsworth, P. C., & Dougherty, A. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915601227 · Cited by 13
“Reappraisal, a cognitive reframing of the emotions being experienced, has been shown to be more effective at managing negative emotions than suppression, an attempt to inhibit the emotions or their expression (Gross, 1998a, 1998b, 2002).”
BackgroundJeon, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00017-3 · Cited by 13
Self-Report and Brain Indicators of Impaired Emotion Regulation in the Broad Autism Spectrum
Groot, K. D., & Strien, J. W. V. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3138-9 · Cited by 14
“Emotion regulation (ER) encompasses the capacity to modulate or control the duration, latency, magnitude, and valence of one’s emotional reactions in order to behave adaptively and thereby meet situational demands (for a review, see Gross 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialKotwas, I., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Khalfa, S., McGonigal, A., Bastien‐Toniazzo, M., & Bartoloméi, F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.004 · Cited by 13
“5 adequate emotional regulation strategies (Gross, 2002).”
Elmi, L. M., & Clapp, J. D. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.02.004 · Cited by 15
Petersson, S., Gullbing, L., & Perseius, K. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00371-2 · Cited by 14
“Difficulties with emotional regulation are regarded as concerns about both the ability to understand and modulate emotional experiences and expressions [3, 4].”
BackgroundEFL Teachers’ Emotion Regulation in Response to Online-Teaching at Van Lang University
Thuy, & Cam, N. T. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210226.010 · Cited by 15
“The capacity to regulate the perception and expression of emotions [9] is a clear concept of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundPagano, A. E., & Vizioli, N. A. (2021) · Psicodebate · doi:10.18682/pd.v21i1.3881 · Cited by 13
“Determina con qué facilidad las personas pueden abandonar un estado emocional determinado (Koole, 2009), y es un proceso de vital relevancia para lograr estados afectivos deseados y metas intencionales (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRezaei, S., & Zebardast, A. (2021) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.9.2.731.1 · Cited by 13
Indra, G. H., Radyani, A. M., & Oriza, I. I. D. (2021) · Psychological Research on Urban Society · doi:10.7454/proust.v4i2.100 · Cited by 17
“Expending more resources on the avoidance process makes the avoidance strategy inflexible (Kashdan et al., 2006), and attempts to suppress and avoid emotions are often excessive and even increase the frequency of thoughts and feelings that cause distress (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSharma, M., Asare, M., Lakhan, R., Kanekar, A., Nahar, V. K., & Moonie, S. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2515690x211064582 · Cited by 14
Influences of Emotion on Driving Decisions at Different Risk Levels: An Eye Movement Study
Zhang, X., Chang, R., Sui, X., & Li, Y.-T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.788712 · Cited by 15
“…state of mind (Zimasa et al., 2016), which arises when something important to us is at stake and calls forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundTie, B., Tang, C., Ren, Y., Cui, S., & He, J. (2022) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2022.0007 · Cited by 13
“47 Based on the concept of emotional regulation strategies, 48 NSSI is a form of self-regulation and relief from psychological distress, which in turn is associated with internalized homophobia in SM individuals.”
La regulación afectiva: modelos, investigación e implicaciones para la salud mental y física
Hervás, G. (2006) · Revista de psicología general y aplicada: Revista de la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicología · Cited by 14
Processus et subjectivité dans l’addiction
Bonnet, A., & Pédinielli, J.-L. (2010) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2010.06.002 · Cited by 13
Emotion Expression of Robot with Personality
Hu, X., Xie, L., Liu, X., & Wang, Z. (2013) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2013/132735 · Cited by 13
Understanding and Reducing the Impact of Defensiveness on Management Learning
Holmer, L. L. (2013) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562913505568 · Cited by 13
“Learning to view mistakes and weaknesses as opportunities for learning, effectively functions as a cognitive reappraisal strategy in which potentially emotion-eliciting situations are redefined in nonemotional terms (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHomework Emotion Regulation Scale: Confirming the Factor Structure With High School Students
Xu, J., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2016) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282916640438 · Cited by 13
“Informed by the literature on cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002) and homework (Xu & Corno, 1998), this subscale assessed students’ efforts to reframe a negative stimulus in less emotional terms (three items; α = .89).”
MethodKuzucu, Y. (2016) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2016.3.0003 · Cited by 13
“Theoretical conceptualizations of emotion regulation state that the emotion regulation skills are related to socially competent behavior, which influences emotional experience and expression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundExplicit emotion regulation: Comparing emotion inducing stimuli
Dhaka, S., & Kashyap, N. (2017) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v10i2.240 · Cited by 12
“The results of our study are in line with previous findings, which showed antecedent focused emotion regulation strategies to be superior strategy (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundResultAnimal abuse as an outcome of poor emotion regulation: A preliminary conceptualization
Parfitt, C. H., & Alleyne, E. K. A. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.010 · Cited by 13
“Finally, access to strategies is vital for regulating emotions in accordance with environmental demands and for maintaining the personal goals of the individual (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional regulation and depression in a sample of separated and divorced Chilean adults
Garrido-Rojas, L., Guzmán‐González, M., Mendoza-Llanos, R., Rivera-Ottenberger, D., & Contreras-Garay, P. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0103-5 · Cited by 13
Keep your cool and win the game: Emotion regulation and performance in table tennis
Kubiak, J., Rother, S., & Egloff, B. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12451 · Cited by 13
Liyanagamage, N., Glavas, C., & Kodagoda, T. (2019) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080.2019.1605156 · Cited by 14
“In this study we integrate psychological research on emotion regulation (Gross 1998, 2002) with studies of higher education.”
BackgroundMethodPreparing for the Worst: Evidence that Older Adults Proactively Downregulate Negative Affect
Corbett, B., Rajah, M. N., & Duarte, A. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz166 · Cited by 13
Interpersonal Tensions and Pain Among Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Negative Mood
Fuentecilla, J. L., Huo, M. L., Birditt, K. S., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2019) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027519884765 · Cited by 13
“Emotion regulation helps determine vicissitudes in emotional experience and expression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundYu, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Q., & Xu, W. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00930-x · Cited by 14
FEAR, ANGER, AND CREDIT. ON BANK ROBBERIES AND LOAN CONDITIONS
Morales‐Acevedo, P., & Ongena, S. R. G. (2019) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12826 · Cited by 13
Advancing models and methods of emotional concordance
Lougheed, J. P., Vlisides‐Henry, R. D., & Crowell, S. E. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108112 · Cited by 12
Slovák, P., Ford, B. Q., Widen, S. C., Roquet, C. D., Theofanopoulou, N., Gross, J. J., Hankin, B. L., & Klasnja, P. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/28914 · Cited by 13
“In contrast, adaptive emotion regulation in childhood is associated with better mental [5-7] and physical health [8-10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJaén, I., Díaz‐García, A., Pastor, M. C., & García‐Palacios, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253509 · Cited by 13
“Cognitive reappraisal is an antecedent-focused strategy that involves changing the meaning and emotional valence of a stimulus to change its emotional impact [12,19].”
BackgroundMcGreevy, C. A., Bonanno, G. A., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.033 · Cited by 13
“By contrast, another strategy, distraction, is typically viewed as an effective mode of emotion regulation which, when employed early in the emotion-generation process, helps reduce negative behavioral and physiological responsivity (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundChildren’s obsessive compulsive symptoms and fear-potentiated startle responses
Borelli, J. L., Ruiz, S. K., Crowley, M. J., Mayes, L. C., Reyes, A. D. L., & Lewin, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.06.006 · Cited by 14
Mohiyeddini, C., Bauer, S., & Semple, S. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.755171 · Cited by 13
“Concealing emotion-related behaviour can have negative emotional and cognitive consequences, however (Gross, 2002; Srivastava et al., 2009), and it may be that only a certain degree of suppression of displacement behaviour can be achieved, after which point its occurrence is particularly stressful and disruptive to co…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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