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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Items 2,701–2,800 of 4,870
Bocharov, A. V., Savostyanov, A. N., Tamozhnikov, S. S., Proshina, E. A., & Knyazev, G. G. (2022) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119722010030 · Cited by 5
“Gross describes two strategies of emotion regulation that are most often used in everyday life; they are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression [2].”
BackgroundYoshino, A., Otsuru, N., Doi, M., Maekawa, T., Sasaoka, T., & Yamawaki, S. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02316-w · Cited by 5
Atenção plena disposicional, regulação emocional e estresse percebido em estudantes de enfermagem
da Costa, D. A. V., Kogien, M., Hartwig, S. V., Ferreira, G. E., Guimarães, M. K. D. O. R., & Ribeiro, M. R. R. (2022) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0086pt · Cited by 7
Dell’Acqua, C., Mura, F., Benvenuti, S. M., Patron, E., & Palomba, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25915-7 · Cited by 8
Alexithymia and Parental Bonding in Women with Genitopelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Özdemir, Ö., Ergelen, M., Ozen, B., AKGUL, I. F., & Beştepe, E. E. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s389008 · Cited by 5
“Problems in emotion regulation make the individual hypersensitive and overreactive to negative stimuli such as pain and sexual conflicts, and may lead to GPPPD and disruption of couple adjustment.(1,57) One study showed that difficulty with anger expression creates increased muscle activity that exacerbates pain.”
BackgroundHasking, P. A., Chen, N. T. M., Chiu, V., Gray, N., Gross, J. J., & Boyes, M. E. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2155468 · Cited by 7
“43 Participants answered each item on a 7-point scale regarding the extent to which they agree with each statement.”
Self-citationNeural correlates of conflict adaptation predict daily stress reactivity
Lin, L., Schwabe, L., Wang, X., Zhan, L., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14279 · Cited by 7
Zhang, W., Huang, L. J., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Wang, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1171425 · Cited by 6
Arıkan, G., Ustundag-Budak, A. M., Töz, N., & Senturk, G. (2023) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2023.2219657 · Cited by 5
“Cognitive reappraisal involves a re-evaluation of the emotional situation to reduce its impact, while expressive suppression refers to inhibiting the emotion-expressive behaviour (Gross, 2001, 2002).”
BackgroundKyröläinen, A.-J., & Kuperman, V. (2023) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2023.2219188 · Cited by 5
“…demonstrations of emotion regulation mechanisms at work among older adults experiencing loss or trauma (see among others Baumeister, 2003; Baumeister, Faber, & Wallace, 1999; Gross, 2002; Killgore, Taylor, Cloonan, & Dailey, 2020; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998; Vohs & Heatherton, 2000).”
The Contributions of Declarative Knowledge and Emotion Regulation in the Iowa Gambling Task
Heilman, R. M., & Miclea, M. (2015) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 5
Meng, W. C., & Dillon, D. (2014) · ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) · Cited by 5
Design of intelligent emotion feedback to assist users regulate emotions: Framework and principles
Hao, Y., Wang, D., & Budd, J. G. (2015) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2015.7344687 · Cited by 5
“Without proper regulation, people are under risk of being mentally stressed especially with heavy work pressure and unexpected things occurring.”
BackgroundDevelopment of a measure to assess stress underestimation beliefs
Izawa, S., Nakamura‐Taira, N., Yamada, H., Yamada, K. C., & Haratani, T. (2013) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.84.57 · Cited by 5
Coping with sequential conflicting emotional experiences
Lau‐Gesk, L., & Mukherjee, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.12.004 · Cited by 5
“Extant research suggests that consumers can employ diverse coping strategies,with reappraisal and suppression being two of themost commonly used strategies in everyday life (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundFajrianthi, F., & Zein, R. A. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s143113 · Cited by 5
Sharvit, K., & Valetzky, S. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9718-y · Cited by 6
Regulasi Emosi Sebagai Prediktor Perilaku Agresivitas Remaja Warga Binaan LPKA
Thohar, S. F. (2018) · Psikoislamika Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam · doi:10.18860/psi.v15i1.6660 · Cited by 5
Ghadse, A., Ranjan, L. K., & Gupta, P. R. (2019) · The Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_18_18 · Cited by 5
“It has been suggested that stress and negative affect can be improved through adaptive emotion regulation.[1,2] High resting heart rate variability has been shown to predict self-regulatory strength and reduced negative emotion during acute stress.”
BackgroundSzczygiel, D. D., & Baryła, W. (2019) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych.2019.22.1-4 · Cited by 5
“First, both strategies received the most attention in the literature as they are commonly used in everyday life (Gross & John, 2003; Gross, 2002; John & Gross, 2004; English et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCalverly, H., Davis, P., Harvey, J. T., & Mesagno, C. (2020) · International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education · doi:10.25035/ijare.12.02.04 · Cited by 5
“Many emotion regulation strategies have been proposed (Gross & John, 2003); however, we focus on two main techniques in this current research (cognitive reappraisal and suppression) due to the frequency of using these methods to regulate and down-grade emotions (Gross, 2002).”
The differential effects of related and unrelated emotions on judgments about media messages
Kühne, R., Poggiolini, C., & Wirth, W. (2020) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2020-2091 · Cited by 5
Normal emotion regulation in adults with cleft lip and palate: An exploratory study
Gaßling, V., Kessler, H., Klein, M. O., Detjen, A.-M., Koos, B., Limbrecht-Ecklundt, K., Traue, H. C., Wiltfang, J., & Gerber, W. (2014) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2014.03.009 · Cited by 5
“For example, reappraisal permits the individual to think about the situation so as to alter its meaning and its emotional influence, while inhibition contributes to the suppression and reduction of ongoing emotionally expressive behavior (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodA Dynamic and Dual-Process Theory of Humor
Li, B. (2015) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 5
Neurocognitive underpinnings of language disorder: Contrasting schizophrenia and mood disorders
Cohen, A. S., Auster, T. L., Callaway, D. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.034213 · Cited by 5
“Given that neurocognitive abilities, such as those involved in attention and memory are integral to emotional regulation (Gross, 2002) as well as speech functions more generally (Cohen, Morrison, Brown, & Minor, 2012), it stands to reason that neurocognitive liabilities, to at least some degree,…”
BackgroundChapter 2 Emotional expression, gender, personality, and workplace appropriate behaviors
Nadler, J. T., & Lowery, M. R. (2009) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-9791(2009)0000005004 · Cited by 5
Prochwicz, K., Kłosowska, J., & Kałużna-Wielobób, A. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.09.001 · Cited by 5
Overcoming aggression : musing on mindfulness and self-control
Yusainy, C. (2013) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 5
A Survey on Mobile Affective ComputingPreprint
Zhang, S., & Hui, P. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1410.1648 · Cited by 8
Freund, A. M., Nikitin, J., & Riediger, M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop206025 · Cited by 5
Emotion–Cognition Interactions in Memory and Decision Making
Speer, M. E., & Delgado, M. R. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn418 · Cited by 5
Koffer, R. E., & Ram, N. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa247 · Cited by 6
Cognitive and affective empathy relate differentially to emotion regulationPreprint
Thompson, N. M., van Reekum, C. M., & Chakrabarti, B. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ckq26 · Cited by 5
Scheffel, C., Graupner, S., Gärtner, A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hrczt · Cited by 5
Mapping Well-Being Science: A Bibliometric Review of Its Evolution, Structure, and Future DirectionsPreprint
Rombaoa, J. P., & Heshmati, S. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cr4x3 · Cited by 5
Teacher Emotion‐Regulation in the Elementary Classroom: A Psychological Case Study
Ritchie, K., Doe, C., & Becker, E. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70139 · Cited by 4
Yang, S., & Sato, M. (2025) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444825000618 · Cited by 5
“Cognitively oriented studies typically view emotions as responses to personal appraisals of situations (Ghanizadeh & Royaei, 2015*; Gross, 2002) and investigate how teachers regulate their own and their students’ emotions, display or suppress emotions, enhance positive experiences, and increase…”
Aggressive behavior and social status: An experimental test of the general aggression model
Becher, L., Mehlkop, G., & Sattler, S. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103224 · Cited by 4
Berkovich, I. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102738 · Cited by 6
Distinct prefrontal lateralization in placebo and reappraisal mechanisms: An ALE meta-analysis
Monachesi, B., Pisanu, E., Chiffi, D., Rumiati, R., & Grecucci, A. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121459 · Cited by 3
Dinc, B. A., & Gable, S. L. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020325-033825 · Cited by 8
Gorgol, J. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2563609 · Cited by 6
“In contrast, expressive suppression is considered maladaptive (Gross 2002) and may increase vulnerability to depressive symptoms and lower well-being in evening types.”
Man, D., Zhou, Q., & Li, Z. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103854 · Cited by 5
Zhu, H.-T., & Zhang, Y.-F. (2025) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2025.2568046 · Cited by 4
Stalmach, A., Reinck, C., D’Elia, P., Sano, S. D., & Casale, G. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00825-8 · Cited by 17
“According to Gross [95, 96], emotion regulation refers to the cognitive processes individuals use to modulate their emotional responses, which contributes to improved well-being [97], better mental health outcomes [98–100] and is essential for effective cognitive information processing [101].”
An integrative cognitive model for multisensory design: benefits and risks of AI-personalization
Bartoletti, R. L., & Corveleyn, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1652537 · Cited by 4
Emotional Resonance and Self-Esteem: The Role of Humanlike Competencies From Mental Health Chatbots
Jialan, S., Deng, Z., Deng, Z., & Song, D. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2025.3625427 · Cited by 5
“Beyond direct validation, emotional resonance is integral to activating the emotional regulation process [69].”
Li, W., Cheng, S., Ling, S., & Zheng, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1711672 · Cited by 8
“Emotional engagement plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between narrative, emotional resonance, and interactivity and active aging, which aligns with the explanation of the core function of emotional experience in emotion regulation theory (Gross, 2002).”
Zhang, W.-H., Zhu, W., Lou, H., Zhang, D.-Y., Mu, F.-Z., Zhang, X.-Y., Li, Y.-H., Zuo, H.-J., Liu, Q., He, M.-H., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340208 · Cited by 6
“Thus, it effectively represents the central component of overall resilience [54,55].”
Easdale-Cheele, T., Nash, G., Filobokova, V., Westbury, C., & Bellato, A. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70103 · Cited by 4
“It may reduce distress and avoid negative social consequences linked to overt and/ or intense emotional expression (Gross, 2002, 2015; Gross & John, 2003).”
When Algorithms Offend: Unpacking the Causes and Cures for User Aversion in AI Recommender Systems
Han, B., Zhang, Y., & Liu, D. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2647130 · Cited by 4
Takamoto, M. (2015) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.86.14040 · Cited by 4
Walker, E. A., Aupperle, R., Paulus, M., & Ironside, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03448-6 · Cited by 5
“Avoidance is generally considered a maladaptive outcome (Gross, 1999), unlike more positive approaches such as cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSex Differences in the Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal Training on Conditioned Fear Responses
Liao, S., Xiao, W., & Wang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315837 · Cited by 4
Mamani-Chanine, A. V., & Mamani-Benito, O. J. (2023) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2023.02.007 · Cited by 6
Arvidsson, P., Janeslätt, G. K., Wennberg, B., Lidström-Holmqvist, K., Holmefur, M., & Roshanai, A. H. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2023.2217545 · Cited by 4
Bekaroğlu, E., & Yılmaz, T. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231191722 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation involves modifying emotions and healthy coping experiences to regulate the intensity and duration of emotional experiences (Gross, 2002).”
Silberstein, A., Ligård, E., Edlund, S., & Ullsten, A. (2024) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043231225734 · Cited by 3
“Emotion regulation is de fi ned as the process through which individuals in fl uence the experience and expressions of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
The Influence of Digital Retail Environment on Consumer Purchasing Behavior: A Causal Study
Salamah, N. H. (2024) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v16n3p60 · Cited by 4
Jiang, C., Song, H., & Jiang, S. (2024) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/00208728241269801 · Cited by 5
“The emotional regulation process model posits that these strategies significantly impact an individual’s psychological well-being (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
Ambikile, J. S., Msengi, E. A., Chona, E. Z., et al. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03536-8 · Cited by 4
Hao, X., Cui, Y., Zhao, M., Chen, Y., Ren, Z., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030335 · Cited by 5
“Cognitive reappraisal, a strategy for reframing negative events (Gross, 2002), allows individuals to reinterpret trauma in a way that highlights personal growth opportunities.”
Leonidou, L. C., Aykol, B., Nilssen, F., & Christodoulides, P. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102425 · Cited by 4
Akyıl, Y., Akçıl, S., & Erdinç, B. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251335580 · Cited by 4
The influence of empathy on the interpersonal emotion regulation strategies of adolescents
Mu, X., Wang, Q., Wu, N., & Liu, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-00802-z · Cited by 6
“These findings are consistent with research suggesting that individuals high in cognitive empathy are more likely to employ up-regulation strategies, such as reappraisal, to improve the emotional state of others when they are in distress 35 .”
Hajikhaniyan, Z., Astaneh, A. N., Sadighi, G., & Koushkestani, R. (2020) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2020.5.1.0107 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, the capability to effectively manage emotions could impact biopsychological and interpersonal happiness [Gross, 2002].”
BackgroundGenç Yetişkinler ve Bakım Verenlerinin Duygu Düzenleme Strateji Kullanımları: Nitel Bir İnceleme
Erdem, Z., & Aldemir, İ. D. (2022) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-10-23-04 · Cited by 7
“…(HermanStahl ve ark., 1995), keyif verici aktivitelere yönelme ve dikkati dağıtma [seeking pleasurable activities and distraction] (Thayer ve ark., 1994) ve durum odaklı duygu düzenleme [situation-focused emotion regulation] (Gross, 2002; Shiota ve Kalat, 2011) olarak adlandırıldığı görülmektedir.”
BackgroundSantos, D. A. D. L. (2022) · Análisis y Modificación de Conducta · doi:10.33776/amc.v48i177.5467 · Cited by 11
“…Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017; Gross, 1998; Mauss et al., 2011; Ray et al., 2010; Richards & Gross, 2006; Srivastava et al., 2009; Szasz et al., 2011; Gross, 2002, 2014) A su vez, también resulta desadaptativo el uso persistente de estrategias de modulación emocional que implican conductas nocivas o…”
BackgroundEmotional experiences of student teachers of English language and their professional self-adequacy
DİLEK, T. K., & Balçıkanlı, C. (2022) · Pedagogies An International Journal · doi:10.1080/1554480x.2022.2077337 · Cited by 4
“…art and craft of teaching by recognizing affective learning strategies such as expressing feelings, rewarding success, breathing exercises, talking one-self positively (Oxford, 1990), and emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 2002) to support their identity transformation from student to teacher.”
BackgroundMaggio, I. D., Romola, M., Lacava, E., Maressa, R., & Bruno, F. (2022) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/152331 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation (ER) can be defined as the process by which “we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them” (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundThe Big Five personality traits and theory of planned behavior in physical education students
Li, Y., & Růžička, M. (2022) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2022.08.03.001 · Cited by 3
“At the same time, the suppression of negative emotions often leads to higher levels of stress responses (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHu, P., Xie, T., Qian, W., Liu, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04068-w · Cited by 7
“These patterns of emotion regulation provide short-term benefits but prove to be harmful in the long run, as they decrease one’s opportunity to learn how to express and regulate their emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCologne questionnaire on speechlessness: Development and validation
Dietz, T., Tavenrath, S., Schiewer, V., Öztürk-Arenz, H., Durakovic, V., Labouvie, H., Jäger, R. S., & Kusch, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04102-x · Cited by 4
“…associated limitations in speech production and verbal conversation (Goerlich-Dobre et al., 2014; Peters et al., 2014; Roche & Arnold, 2018) which in turn is associated with the use of fewer words as well as increased silence (Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002; Kim, 2008; Richards et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBen-Baruch, Y. D., Leibovich, T., & Cohen, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1053381 · Cited by 5
“Rather than distraction, in which the person directs his or her attention away from the emotional information (Kalisch et al., 2006), when people use suppression, they inhibit their emotional responses and do not express them behaviorally (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCristofanelli, S., Baccini, G., Centonze, E., Colombesi, A., Cariello, M., & Ferro, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031729 · Cited by 4
“We know from the literature that emotional dysregulation leads to poorer performance in several cognitive tasks and processes, such as attention, working [22] and verbal memory [23], logical and analytical reasoning [24] and decision-making [25].”
BackgroundLan, X., Ma, C., & Ma, Y. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112246 · Cited by 4
Schade, S., & Schack, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40118-4_14 · Cited by 4
(2023) · FWU Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.51709/9951272/summer2023/6 · Cited by 4
Aiba, E., Matsuda, K., & Sugiyama, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.202303 · Cited by 4
Teachers’ Emotions: Their Origin and Influence on the Teaching-Learning Process
Romo, F., Guzmán, P., & Romo, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31709-5_19 · Cited by 5
Nagase, K. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231214172 · Cited by 5
“It involves changing the way individuals think about a situation to reduce aroused and changing emotions by changing the way they think (Gross, 2002; McRae et al., 2012).”
The regulation of emotions and problematic alcohol use: a review of literature
Rydzewska, M., Zaorska, J., & Jakubczyk, A. (2023) · Alcoholism and Drug Addiction · doi:10.5114/ain.2023.132441 · Cited by 4
“Depending on the needs or goals present in a particular situation, emotion regulation can lead to the reduction, maintenance or enhancement of positive or negative emotions [1, 2].”
BackgroundDiversity in emotion regulation strategy use: Resilience against posttraumatic stress disorder
Wen, A., Rao, U., Kinney, K. L., Yoon, K. L., & Morris, M. C. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104441 · Cited by 6
Emotion Regulation Strategies as a Moderator Between Insomnia Severity and Bedtime Procrastination
Jeon, H., Lee, W., & Suh, S. A. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2023.02033 · Cited by 6
“In previous studies, suppression, one of the response-focused strategies, has been associated with decreasing positive emotions, weakened social support, and increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system [9-11].”
Wiginton, J. M., Amico, K. R., Hightow‐Weidman, L., Sullivan, P. S., & Horvath, K. J. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12315 · Cited by 4
“…strategies, including those involving cognitive change (i.e., choosing a meaning to attach to a situation or experience), and those involving response modulation (i.e., attempting to influence emotion response tendencies once they have already been elicited), among others (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
Onyedibe, M. C. (2024) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2024.2325379 · Cited by 4
“Cognitive reappraisal (CR), on the other hand, has been defined as a conscious process that involves positively reframing an emotion eliciting stimulus and changing how a person thinks about a situation in order to reduce its negative emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMultiplikatorenkonzepte zu Stress- und Emotionsregulation im Rettungsdienst – ein Scoping-Review
Hummel, M., Steudtner, M., Gebauer, E., & Buruck, G. (2024) · Notfall + Rettungsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s10049-024-01318-1 · Cited by 4
Emotion regulation of sustainability professionals facing adversity
Johannessen, V., Giæver, F., Efstathiou, S., & Russell, S. (2024) · Gruppe Interaktion Organisation Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-024-00734-8 · Cited by 4
“According to Gross (2002), a reappraisal strategy is often more beneficial than avoidance, as the latter suppresses the emotional expression but not the experience.”
Martí‐Prats, L., & Belin, D. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae169 · Cited by 4
The Identity Disclosure Matrix: A Conceptual Framework for Why and How We Share Our Identities
King, A. M., Davis, C. J., Darby, C., Proudfoot, D., & Burrow, A. L. (2024) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2024.2361896 · Cited by 4
“Instead, they behave proactively and reactively to feel as they desire (Gross, 2002).”
The relationship between momentary experiential avoidance and anxiety symptoms
Sain, K. S., Lord, K. A., Knowles, K. A., Everhardt, K., & Tolin, D. F. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2383769 · Cited by 7
“Heightened anxiety appeared to be at least in part a consequence of earlier EA efforts (Gross, 1998, 2002; Wegner, 1994).”
Ranjbar, H. A., Atalay, A. A., & Eskin, M. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00226-z · Cited by 4
“The significance of ER in the emergence and persistence of psychopathology has been emphasized by a number of theoretical frameworks (e.g., Davidson, 2003; Gross, 2002).”
Rapo, E., Milde, C., Glombiewski, J. A., & Κube, T. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10560-3 · Cited by 4
“These results are consistent with findings about associations between altered affect regulation and biased cognition in depression (Everaert et al., 2020 ; Gross, 2002 ; Joormann & Stanton, 2016 ).”
Karami, H., & Karimi, M. N. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07208-6 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation is defined as “the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them” (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
Modifiable Psychological Mechanisms of Resilience Among UK Trainee and Newly Qualified Teachers
Wang, Y., Duncan, M. D., Young, K. S., & Hirsch, C. R. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70005 · Cited by 4
“Given that these two strategies both have the overarching aim to down‐regulate negative emotions, and that they are the most commonly used techniques (Gross 2002), these two emotion regulation strategies were chosen to be assessed in this study.”
Emotionally Sensitive Thematic Analysis
Buetow, S. (2025) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2025.2462919 · Cited by 6
“In particular, qualitative research emphasizes interpersonal emotion regulation in social interaction, especially when studying contexts like therapeutic relationships (Gross 2002).”
Fixing the bug in insect consumption
Palcu, J., Schreier, M., Janiszewski, C. A., Kleber, J., & Salerno, A. G. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105472 · Cited by 4
Zhou, Q., Dai, Z., Hou, L., Jin, C., Xiang, W., Tan, J., Hao, W., & Dai, Q. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02666-4 · Cited by 5
Lane, A. M. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5020045 · Cited by 4
“Gross’s (1998, 2002) process model of emotion regulation is a widely accepted framework for understanding how individuals manage their emotional responses.”
InfluentialTransdiagnostic and Contextual Assessment of Addictive Behaviors
González‐Roz, A., Iza-Fernández, C., & Alemán‐Moussa, L. (2025) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · doi:10.70478/pap.psicol.2025.46.10 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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