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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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[Gender and emotional response induced by imagery].
Aristu, A. L., Pareja, M. Á. V., & Sánchez, J. D. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Brensilver, M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171000245x · Cited by 6
The Rocky Road to Reconciliation: Regulating Emotions in an Intergroup Context
Wohl, M. J. A., & Tabri, N. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1153947 · Cited by 6
“, reappraisal) that allow a broader or balanced appreciation of events at the interpersonal level (Gross, 2002; Ray, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2008), these effects may be rather transient at the intergroup level.”
BackgroundThompson, N. M., van Reekum, C. M., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/611301 · Cited by 6
“…of the most widely studied forms of emotion regulation is cognitive reappraisal (henceforth reappraisal), which refers to a change in the meaning adhered to an emotion-eliciting stimulus or event in order to lessen (or increase) its emotional impact (Gross, 1998, 2001, 2002; Sheppes & Gross, 2011).”
BackgroundThe role of emotion regulation in eating disorders: a network meta-analysis approachPreprint
Leppänen, J., Brown, D., McLinden, H., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gbqju · Cited by 6
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Acceptance-based behavioral therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch12 · Cited by 5
Changes in neural activity during the combining affect labeling and reappraisal
Yoshimura, S., Nakamura, S., & Morimoto, T. (2022) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.001 · Cited by 5
“As reappraisal has been reported to have positive effects on psychological adjustment, such as reducing negative emotions (Gross and John, 2003; Ochsner et al., 2004; Sheppes and Meiran, 2007), it seems reasonable to include reappraisal in psychotherapy.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive emotion regulation and learning effectiveness in college students with ADHD symptoms
Alacha, H. F., Walbridge, F. C., Harton, H. C., Vasko, J. M., Bodalski, E. A., Rother, Y., & Lefler, E. K. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2379986 · Cited by 10
“Gross (2002) suggested that strategies in the cognitive change domain are particularly crucial for changing a person’s mood and reaction because cognitive change strategies determine the personal meaning that is applied to the situation, which then determines how the person responds.”
Wellings, I. G., Ferguson, R. A., & Taylor, I. M. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102753 · Cited by 6
Jiang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549660 · Cited by 7
Bending reality to your will: entrepreneurship through the lens of magical realism
Ganzin, M., & Lundmark, E. (2025) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2025.2455613 · Cited by 5
“Reappraisal was shown as a superior strategy for dissipating an emotional response (Gross 2002).”
Shorer, M., Ben-Ami, N., Ezra, S., Nahari, A., & Cohen, S. (2025) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2025.2465635 · Cited by 7
“Parental ER refers to parents’ ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify their emotional reactions and expressions (Gross, 2002).”
Maternal Emotion Regulation and Parenting: A Physiological Perspective
Li, F. H., Froidevaux, N. M., Kerr, M. L., Smiley, P. A., Hastings, P. D., & Borelli, J. L. (2025) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70044 · Cited by 7
“The process theory of emotion (Gross 2002) defines ER as the automatic or effortful process of modulating the occurrence, duration, and intensity of emotional states and emotion-related physiological processes.”
Tıngaz, E. O. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2602-9082 · Cited by 5
“Suppression is used to prevent ongoing emotional expressive behavior [37].”
Li, T., Zhou, D., Zhang, W., & Ju, C. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70074 · Cited by 8
“According to Gross (2002) model of emotion regulation cognitive reappraisal, as a proactive attention strategy, is part of the input stage in the emotion generation process.”
Chen, W., & Xiao, S. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116667 · Cited by 6
Fietz, J., Auer, G. A., Plener, P. L., Poustka, L., & Konicar, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16767-y · Cited by 5
Heydarnejad, T. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100494 · Cited by 16
Ma, R., Sheng, R., Tao, Y., & Xu, W. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120719 · Cited by 5
Huang, R., Bao, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, N., & Cao, H. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.105338 · Cited by 6
Bai, M., Zhou, J., Li, S., & Gong, X. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70122 · Cited by 6
Unlearning to learn in simulation-based learning
Angelini, M. L. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102376 · Cited by 9
Cognitive-affective regulation process for micro-expressions based on Gaussian cloud distribution
Yang, X., Xie, L., Han, J., et al. (2016) · CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology · doi:10.1016/j.trit.2016.12.002 · Cited by 5
Constructing a model of the emotional labour process of junior high school teachers
Chang, Y.-F., & Chien, W.-C. (2023) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2023.2265822 · Cited by 6
“…labour theory (Grandey, 2000; Morris & Feldman, 1996), self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002), emotional regulation theory (Chiang, 2012; Gross, 2002), broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2004), and conservation of resources theory (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002) to outline the emotional…”
InfluentialRuminasyonun Sporcuların Hedef Yönelimleri üzerindeki etkisinde Duygu Düzenlemenin Rolü
Solakumur, A., & Ünlü, Y. (2023) · Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38021/asbid.1377070 · Cited by 5
‘Fleeing’ as a Strategy for Navigating Resistance in Patient Encounters within Forensic Care
Hammarström, L., Hellzèn, O., & Devik, S. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11212890 · Cited by 5
Clarke, J. J., Rees, C. S., Mancini, V. O., & Breen, L. J. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3448 · Cited by 5
Constructing a self-management competence model for EFL teachers: A perception-strategy evaluation
Najjarpour, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104592 · Cited by 12
The Psychology Behind Bad Decisions
Qudrat‐Ullah, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81068-8_2 · Cited by 5
Hazardous gambling behavior is associated with amplified emotional reactivity to gambling outcomes
Cholewick, A., & Bennett, D. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00003 · Cited by 5
“…literature (see, e.g., Gross & Feldman Barrett, 2011) is between emotion dysregulation caused by a top-down failure of regulatory processes (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2002) and emotion dysregulation caused by an excessive bottom-up emotional reaction to stimuli or events in the environment (e.g., Gross…”
Lian, W., Zhu, X., Xu, T., Fan, L., & Sun, Y. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/8658973 · Cited by 8
“How individuals regulate their emotions signi fi cantly impacts their relationships and overall well-being [14].”
The Role of Integrative Emotion Regulation in Adaptive Coping and Daily Stress Regulation
Erdem, N., Roth, G., & Weinstein, N. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70066 · Cited by 7
Schizophrenia: Reaction to Positive Life Events
Seeman, M. V. (2016) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-016-9478-3 · Cited by 5
“They may also have difficulty identifying and accepting praise from others [21], generally dampening positive affect, in contrast to those with high self-esteem who deliberately make use of enhancement strategies [22].”
Nam, Y.-M., & 박철옥 (2017) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.18.3.201706.23 · Cited by 5
Cultural difference in maladaptive functions of perfectionistic self‐presentation
Wang, Y., Li, L. M. W., & Fuzhe, X. (2019) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12371 · Cited by 5
Kunst, M. J. J., & Schiltkamp, S. A. C. (2019) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2019.1664278 · Cited by 5
“By helping that person, we are able to regulate this unpleasant emotional state (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundFemale Genital Arousal: A Focus on How Rather than Why
Dewitte, M. D. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01792-x · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, when conceptualizing the sexual system as a dynamic emotion regulation device (Gross, 1998, 2002), it is plausible that gender differences do not appear on all process stages.”
BackgroundMiller, M., Balsamo, L. M., Pashankar, F., & Bailey, C. S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.068 · Cited by 6
Li, S., Chen, Z. X., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2021.19 · Cited by 5
“Notably, appraisal theories of emotion suggest that the social context is vital in shaping employees ’ emotional reactions and the behavioral consequences of their emotional expressions (Gross, 2002).”
The Cost of Excessive Smartphone Use: Guilt Cross the Work-Family Domains
Liu, Y., Du, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701482 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, considering that higher ability of emotion regulation is characterized by greater self-reflexivity and more profound awareness of own emotions (Koole, 2009), which is a form of self-regulation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHolmefur, M., Roshanai, A. H., White, S., Janeslätt, G. K., Vimefall, E., & Lidström-Holmqvist, K. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05578-x · Cited by 6
“Emotion regulation involves changes in emotion dynamics and is defined as the process by which we control which emotions we have and how we experience their magnitude, intensity, and duration [29] and how we express them [1, 30].”
BackgroundBeckmann, J., Ehmann, M., Kossak, T., Perl, B., & Hähl, A. W. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010/a000321 · Cited by 6
Research Progress on Related Emotion Regulation Models of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
李, 莹. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.121027 · Cited by 5
Autorregulação emocional na perspectiva social cognitiva: uma revisão integrativa
da Silva, J. G. C., Garcia, L. A., & Ramos, M. F. H. (2021) · Comunicações · doi:10.15600/2238-121x/comunicacoes.v28n2p21-41 · Cited by 5
Variables Associated With Successful Treatment Outcomes of Autistic Youth Enrolled in PEERS
McLeod, J., & McCrimmon, A. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.834801 · Cited by 6
“In general, low levels of EI relate to challenges with engagement in social interactions, regulation of emotions, and processing of external emotional information, leading to poor reciprocal friendships and negative peer interactions (33, 34).”
BackgroundConfronting Failure: Building Confidence and Resilience in Undergraduate Researchers
(2022) · Council on Undergraduate Research eBooks · doi:10.18833/cf/20 · Cited by 6
Lopez, R. B., & Cruz-Vespa, I. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101214 · Cited by 7
Vizioli, N. A., & Pagano, A. E. (2022) · Psychologia · doi:10.21500/19002386.5397 · Cited by 5
Zhang, X., Yang, L., Wang, W., & Yang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1090244 · Cited by 5
“Individuals who tend to use the cognitive reappraisal have greater positive emotion experience and expression behavior, lower negative emotion experience, and less negative emotion expression behavior, while individuals who are prone to expression inhibition have less positive emotional experiences and behaviors (Gros…”
BackgroundGu, B., Liu, B., Beltrán, D., & de Vega, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154442 · Cited by 5
“The first group of structures includes the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, the insular cortex, and rostral middle frontal gyrus, which were reported to be related to emotion regulation (Gross, 2002; Hooker and Knight, 2010), disgust processing (Calder et al.”
BackgroundLuo, J., Liu, Y., Guo, K., Ren, X., Wei, Z., Ren, Y., Hu, W., & Yang, J. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108620 · Cited by 5
“Talk and Chalk”: An emotion regulation intervention for anger after acquired brain injury
Witten, J. A., Coetzer, R., Rowlands, L., & Turnbull, O. H. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2023.2224481 · Cited by 5
“This approach does have elements relating to emotion regulation (i.e., the ability to modify and control emotional experiences and reactions; Gross, 1998a, 2002), such as cognitive restructuring or alternative thinking (Beck, 1976; Fenn & Byrne, 2013).”
O'Malley, C., Fullerton, C. L., & Mauger, A. R. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102544 · Cited by 4
“…are theorised to alter the neuronal processing of corollaries either via changes in the hedonic (Brand & Ekkekakis, 2021; Ekkekakis & Brand, 2019; Grandjean da Costa et al., 2022; Gross, 2002, 2013) or motivational (Barwood et al., 2008, 2015; Blanchfield et al., 2014) affective experience.”
BackgroundChurch, L. D., Shayani, D. R., Stumps, A., Bounoua, N., Wieand, K., & Spielberg, J. M. (2023) · Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100037 · Cited by 4
“Extant literature points to key roles for transdiagnostic factors such as anxiety sensitivity (AS) and emotion regulation (ER) in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Taylor, 1999; [12]).”
Goodson, P. N., Lopez, R. B., & Denny, B. T. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2278057 · Cited by 5
Feelings of the Five-O: Emotion Regulation and Quality of Life in American Police
Thompson, T. J., & Morton, L. C. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09636-9 · Cited by 11
Ding, N., Fu, L., Qian, L., Sun, B., Li, C., Gao, H., Lei, T., & Ke, X. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02369-y · Cited by 6
“Emotional regulation is often defined in psychology as the process by which individuals influence, which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express those emotions [31].”
Young Women's Silence and Voice in the Context of Male-Perpetrated Violence
Samardzic, T., Barata, P. C., Morton, M., & Yen, J. (2024) · Violence against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241236673 · Cited by 4
“Based on the emotional requirements of a given job, employees will then use a host of emotion regulation strategies to manage the experience and expression of their own emotions in that situation (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
Griep, Y., Hansen, S. D., & Kraak, J. (2024) · Journal of business and psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-024-09943-w · Cited by 5
“In other words, the use of suppression doesn’t make the negative emotional experience go away, it just reduces the outward display of it (Gross, 2002).”
Bekmezci, Z., & Çağatay, S. E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05968-9 · Cited by 8
“…individual factors that are effective in the emer - gence of disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, it can be seen that positive and negative emotions can shape the Emotion regulation is most commonly defined as chang - ing an individual’s emotions according to external demands (Gross, 2002).”
Kim, T., & Wright, J. S. (2024) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/10526846241254050 · Cited by 5
“Gross (2002) argued that regulating emotions is a decision-making process whereby individuals choose which emotions to carry and how to experience those emotions.”
Ji, T., Liu, Y., Kong, Y., Li, N., & Lin, L. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06115-0 · Cited by 6
“Conversely, expres - sive suppression effectively reduces behavioral expressions of negative emotions but is considered a maladaptive emo - tion regulation strategy (Gross, 1998b, 2002).”
Su, Z., Qiu, W., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Ding, R., & Pan, J. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13216 · Cited by 8
Yang, X. C., Jiang, H., Meng, L., Yu, S., & Wu, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1400997 · Cited by 5
KİYE, S., LAÇİN, B. G. D., & Coşkun, F. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06904-7 · Cited by 5
“In addition, emotion regulation involves the responses/ changes of interrelated components in the emergence of emotions, such as the increase in physiological response in the absence of overt behaviour (Gross, 2002).”
McInnes, A. N., & Sung, B. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2024.11.005 · Cited by 8
Influencing Path of Consumer Digital Hoarding Behavior on E-Commerce Platforms
Yue, Z., Zheng, X.-G., Zhang, S.-S., Zhong, L., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162310341 · Cited by 8
Aufmerksamkeitsbias und Emotionssuppression bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Fernando, S. C., Griepenstroh, J., Urban, S., Drießen, M., & Beblo, T. (2014) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-014-0112-z · Cited by 5
“Die Regulation von Emotionen beinhaltet alle unbewussten und bewussten Prozesse, mit denen Menschen beeinflussen können, welche Emotionen sie haben, wann sie sie haben und wie sie ihre Emotionen erleben und ausdrücken [4].”
BackgroundAn Agent-Based Model for Integrated Contagion and Regulation of Negative Mood
Aziz, A. A., Jan Treur, A., & van der Wal, C. N. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25044-6_9 · Cited by 5
“Finally in (10), an internal antecedent-focused emotion regulation mechanism called re-appraisal [8] is modelled.”
BackgroundInfluentialJensen, V. L., Hougaard, E., & Fishman, D. B. (2013) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v9i3.1825 · Cited by 5
“Sara’s view of her acceptance and tolerance of her blushing and negative emotions as the primary mechanisms of change fits nicely into Gross’ (2002) theory of emotion regulation.”
BackgroundFaure, N., Habersaat, S., Nessi, J., Forcada‐Guex, M., Pierrehumbert, B., Ansermet, F., Nix, C. M., & Borghini, A. (2013) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.131.0027 · Cited by 5
Using Ambient Intelligence to Control Aggression in Crowds
Gerritsen, C. (2011) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wi-iat.2011.25 · Cited by 5
“To enable the generation and regulation of emotions, the BDI model will be extended with an appraisal-based model of affect [7] and a model for emotion regulation [8].”
BackgroundMethodLeising, D., Grande, T., & Faber, R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20704 · Cited by 5
Cerebral and Spinal Modulation of Pain by Emotions and Attention
Roy, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12033-1_3 · Cited by 11
Psihometrijska provera i validacija upitnika afektivnih stilova na srpskom uzorku
Žuljević, D., Radović, D., & Gavrilov‐Jerković, V. (2013) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2013.1.45-65 · Cited by 7
Haber, J., Pollack, J., & Humphrey, R. (2014) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-979120140000010020 · Cited by 4
“Concealing or hiding emotions can induce a number of affective, cognitive, as well as physical consequences (Butler & Egloff, 2003; Gross, 2002; Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998) which are unexamined with regards to EoiC.”
BackgroundMcKernan, L. C., Finn, M. T. M., & Carr, E. R. (2017) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2017.45.3.385 · Cited by 5
“Chronic stress response dysregulation involves changes to a wide variety of cognitive, interpersonal, and affective dimensions of the person (Gross, 2002; McEwen, 2004).”
Background박애실 (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.5.201610.181 · Cited by 5
Aminzadeh, D. M., Asmari, Y., Karimi, S., Hosiensabet, F., & Sharifi, M. (2018) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.1.39 · Cited by 7
“…can be confirmed on prior findings based on the relationship of Re-evaluation as an emotion regulation strategy on well-being and mental health (Gross, 2002), emotion regulation strategies relationship with psychological distress (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006), and the critical role of emotion…”
BackgroundResultGraser, J., Heimlich, C., Kelava, A., Hofmann, S. G., Stangier, U., & Schreiber, F. (2018) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000210 · Cited by 5
ÖZTÜRK, Ş. B., & Peker, A. (2018) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-504897 · Cited by 5
Carré, A., Shankland, R., Flaudias, V., Morvan, Y., & Lamboy, B. (2019) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2018.11.009 · Cited by 5
이종환, Sangil, L., Chang, M.-S., & Kwak, H.-W. (2013) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2013.32.3.005 · Cited by 5
Automatyczna kontrola nieświadomych emocji
Kobylińska, D. (2007) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323517481 · Cited by 5
Ogino, Y., Kawamichi, H., Kakeda, T., & Saito, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00197 · Cited by 5
“Thus, humans select one of the two strategies according to situations and circumstances (Richards and Gross, 2000; Gross, 2002; Cutuli, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Experiences and Management Within Digital Work Contexts
Jonker, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24463-7_7 · Cited by 5
Service with a fake smile and emotional exhaustion. Does emotional intelligence matter?
Szczygiel, D. D. (2018) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/119497 · Cited by 7
A process account of the relationship between informal learning and expressions of anger and anxiety
Federman, J. E. (2019) · European journal of training and development · doi:10.1108/ejtd-09-2019-0155 · Cited by 5
The Indirect Effects of Trait Anxiety on Drug Use Via Emotion Dysregulation in a Low-Income Sample
Collado, A., Felton, J. W., Taylor, H., Doran, K., & Yi, R. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1741631 · Cited by 5
“Broadly, emotion dysregulation refers to individuals’ tendency to experience emotions intensely and uncontrollably to the point of obscuring their capacity to cope with and regulate said emotions (Linehan & Heard, 1992; Gross, 2002; Shedler & Westen, 2004).”
BackgroundNeJat, A., Rafezi, Z., & Hosseinsabet, F. (2020) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.18.2.249 · Cited by 5
Trusova, A. V., & Fedyukovich, E. (2020) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Psychology · doi:10.21638/spbu16.2020.310 · Cited by 5
Grattan, R. E., Tryon, V. L., Carter, C. S., & Niendam, T. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113517 · Cited by 5
“This involves increasing, maintaining and decreasing both negative and positive emotions and is achieved by monitoring, evaluating and modifying the emotions using both conscious and unconscious strategies (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAshori, M., & Rashidi, A. (2020) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.32598/irj.18.3.188.6 · Cited by 5
Obesity: Perceived Self-Efficacy, Emotional Regulation and Stress
Cofré-Lizama, A., Villanueva, B. J., Martínez, D. P., Cea-Leiva, F., & Mella, E. R. (2020) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e36411 · Cited by 8
Aliabadi, M., hosseini, S. E., Golmohammadi, R., & Motlagh, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering · doi:10.52547/johe.10.1.1 · Cited by 5
“The second intervention program, performed by Gross [43], consisted of eight 120-minute sessions (once a week) of emotion-regulation training.”
MethodInfluentialIttner, D., & Hascher, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73644-6_14 · Cited by 5
Ruíz-Ortega, A. M., Sánchez‐Álvarez, N., & Martos, M. P. B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02135-2 · Cited by 5
“Frustration generates negative emotions in such a way that its expression, magnitude, and duration may be related to the processes of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBalogun, A. G., Ayodele, I. O., Olowodunoye, S. A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557211064052 · Cited by 5
“It is the ability of an individual to choose which emotions they have, when and how they express them (Extremera and Rey, 2015; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundExploring physiologic reactions to persuasive information
Spelt, H., Asta, L., Dijk, E. T. K., Ham, J. R. C., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Westerink, J. H. D. M. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14001 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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