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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,501–2,600 of 4,870
Reappraisal Modulates Attentional Bias to Angry Faces
Kim, S. A., Kim, H., & Kim, S. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01841 · Cited by 8
Fidan, M. (2017) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2017024892 · Cited by 7
Adaptación al castellano del Emotional Processing Scale-25
Ramos, U. O., Matellanes, B., Estévez, A., & Montero, M. (2017) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2017.10.006 · Cited by 6
“Autores como Gross (2002), Littleton, Horsley, John y Nelson (2007), y Subic-Warna (2011) apoyan esta relación, añadiendo que cuando las estrategias de afrontamiento emocional ante situaciones negativas fallan, aumenta el estrés psicológico.”
BackgroundYamaguchi, K., Ito, M., & Takebayashi, Y. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12176 · Cited by 7
“Emotion regulation is defined as a process by which individuals influence the onset, course, and experience of their emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRamzi, N. H., Yiorkas, A. M., Sebert, S. P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Ala‐Mursula, L., Svento, R., Jokelainen, J. J., Veijola, J. M., AUVINEN, J. P., Miettunen, J., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203660 · Cited by 7
Cold-blooded women can detect lies with greater accuracy than other women
Duran, G., Cécillon, F.-X., Sansorgné, T., & Michael, G. A. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2018.1560488 · Cited by 8
“This emotion regulation strategy could be considered to be an efficient way to react to an emotional situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe development of a mindfulness-based mobile application to learn emotional self-regulation.
Diano, F., Ferrara, F. M., & Calabretta, R. (2019) · Cited by 7
Traité de psychologie des émotions
Korb, S. (2019) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.sande.2019.01.0259 · Cited by 7
von Suchodoletz, A., & Achtziger, A. (2011) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000046 · Cited by 7
“Self-control is, therefore, necessary to mediate and control the effects of emotion on action (Eisenberg, Fabes, & Guthrie, 1997; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundGallucci, S. (2011) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 7
Emotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to helpPreprint
Bagó, B., Rosenzweig, L. R., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hm9vu · Cited by 5
Sanusi, A. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202505.2227.v1 · Cited by 7
The Role of Cognitive Effort in Emotion Regulation
Scheffel, C., & Gärtner, A. (2025) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-025-00324-x · Cited by 14
“However, an emerging body of work has emphasized the cognitive costs associated with ER, suggesting that these strategies also require substantial mental resources (Gross, 2002; Hof-stee et al., 2021; Richards, 2004; Richards & Gross, 1999, 2000; Sheppes & Meiran, 2008; Sheppes et al., 2009).”
The Role of Individual Differences in Occupational Stress and Well Being
(2011) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2011)0000009013 · Cited by 7
Zainal, N. H., Tan, H. H., Hong, R. Y. S., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/53712 · Cited by 7
“Emotion regulation (ER) has been defined as a deliberate action taken to modulate emotional states [1].”
Burk, C. L., & Wiese, B. S. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104868 · Cited by 8
Ma, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, W., & Zhao, S. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109867 · Cited by 6
“…strategy, influences behavior and physiological reactions by altering cognition before the individual expresses an emotional response, 20 aiming to control the "entry" of emotions .18 As a positive emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal can buffer individuals against the…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialŚcigała, D. K., Fabris, M. A., Zdankiewicz-Ścigała, E., Kuc, K., & Longobardi, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356024 · Cited by 6
“The Gross extended process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002) also identifies the detection and acknowledgement of emotions as the first of three consecutive stages: identification, selection of regulatory strategy, and its implementation.”
MethodFamily Tourist Emotional Experience: Emotion-Generative and Regulatory Process
Chen, N., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/10963480241305350 · Cited by 6
“Two analysts engaged in the content analysis of all inter-view transcripts and coded the data separately according to the process model of emotion-regulation (Gross, 2002).”
The Role of Emotion Regulation in Distinct Measures of Emotional Resilience
Razak, H. A., MacLeod, C. M., Rudaizky, D., & Notebaert, L. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10581-6 · Cited by 13
“…of a negative emotional-eliciting event, such active engagement alters its subsequent emotional impact, and facilitates processing, evaluating, and remembering emotional information, all of which are essential for long-term coping (Folkman et al., 1986; Gross, 2002; Sheppes et al., 2014a, b).”
Poznyak, E., & Debbané, M. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00898-1 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, research in both community and clinical samples has consistently linked maladaptive strategies such as catastrophizing, and self-or other-blame to impairments in social functioning, including relationship difficulties and a negative self-image [77, 78].”
A novel framework for deep knowledge tracing via a dual-state joint interaction mechanism
Zhang, W., Song, L., Liu, J., Luo, P., Li, Z., & Gong, Z. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104210 · Cited by 6
Hwang, S. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15070804 · Cited by 11
Dai, X., Liao, D., Ouyang, J., Xiao, H., Tian, Z., Qiu, L., Yang, J., Wang, H., Gong, D., Li, Z., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2025.1619569 · Cited by 6
Ciampelli, S., de Boer, J. N., Koops, S., Voppel, A., Hernández, H. C., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Sommer, I. E. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102274 · Cited by 6
“Both results suggest reduced pitch dynamism, consistent with emotion regulation theories proposing that anxious individuals suppress their emotional expressiveness, particularly in socially evaluative situations like the Trier Social Stress Test used in this study (Gross, 2002).”
Edri‐Peer, O., & Cohen, N. (2026) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2026.2620549 · Cited by 10
The effect of attachment on the process of emotional regulation
Huang, Y., Shi, P., & Xu, C. H. E. N. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.00077 · Cited by 7
Rivers, D. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.802639 · Cited by 8
“…in Education | www.frontiersin.org February 2022 | Volume 7 | Article 8026391 PERSPECTIVE published: 01 February 2022 doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.802639 physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities” (Gross, 2002, p. 281).”
BackgroundInfluentialEstado afectivo, regulación emocional y estilos de alimentación en adultos en Chile
Bobadilla-Soto, P., Bugueño-Sierra, S., Guerrero-Jiménez, V., Muñoz-Durán, M. T., Zúñiga-Coleman, J., Zúñiga-Coleman, J., & Nazar, G. (2022) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182022000200193 · Cited by 6
Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889560 · Cited by 6
Emotion crafting: Individuals as agents of their positive emotional experiences
van der Kaap‐Deeder, J., Wichstrøm, L., Mouratidis, A. A., Matos, L., & Steinsbekk, S. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10035-0 · Cited by 10
Mood induction through imitation of full‐body movements with different affective intentions
Schmidt, E., Smith, R. A., Fernández, A., Emmermann, B., & Christensen, J. F. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12681 · Cited by 8
Shipp, L., Musatova, A., Černis, E., & Waite, P. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12202 · Cited by 6
“Although beneficial in certain situations, habitual and inflexible expressive suppression is maladaptive (Gross, 2002), with the use of this strategy predictive of subsequent panic symptom severity (Strauss et al., 2019) and greater depersonalisation or derealisation (Tibubos et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHow social roles shape interpersonal affect regulation at work
Groth, M., Bindl, U. K., Wang, K. L., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2023) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866231208048 · Cited by 9
Li, Q., Hu, J., & Wan, P. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.030343 · Cited by 7
Kaplan, G., Mikulincer, M., Ginzburg, K., Ohry, A., & Solomon, Z. (2023) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2023.2296935 · Cited by 8
“It involves inhibition or suppression of overt expressions of emotions (e.g., physical gestures, facial expressions) in an attempt to modulate their intensity rather than preventing their occurrence (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTsang, C.-P. A., & Wong, W. L. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02716-z · Cited by 7
Influence of Mindfulness on Game Addiction-Mediating Role of Emotional Control
Tharumiya, A. K., Riniprabha, P., Sakthivel, K., Janani, K., & Manicka, M. M. K. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241232940 · Cited by 6
“At times emotions arise nearly spontaneous (Gross, 2002) and sometimes it arises through meaningful analysis of events which we experience.”
Trautmann, S., Muehlhan, M., Berking, M., Miethe, S., Wigger, J., & Dragan, M. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12493 · Cited by 8
Leijse, M. M. L., van Dam, L., Jambroes, T., Timmerman, A., & Popma, A. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53613 · Cited by 8
Büyüköksüz, E. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100864 · Cited by 7
Emotion Regulation through Cognitive Strategies
Savarimuthu, V. D. P., Joseph, D. A. M., & Irulandi, M. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006361 · Cited by 7
English Teachers’ Emotions and Regulation Strategies in Response to Students’ Disruptive Behaviour
Wangdi, T., & Rigdel, K. S. (2025) · PROFILE Issues in Teachers Professional Development · doi:10.15446/profile.v27n1.114147 · Cited by 10
“Gross (2002) noted that expressive suppression takes place later in the emotional response process, primarily reducing observable behaviours without significantly mitigating negative emotions.”
A learning design to support the emotion regulation of investors
Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., Conole, G. C., Lins, J. T., Peffer, G., Adam, M. T. P., Lindley, C. A., Smidt, A., Clough, G., & Eileen Scanlon, A. (2012) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · Cited by 6
Bases neurales de las emociones negativas: reevaluación y supresión de las emociones negativas
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/s1134-5934(09)71894-9 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMasuda, A., Hill, M. L., & Tone, E. B. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0087-4 · Cited by 6
“Emotion/behavior regulation abilities loosely comprise the processes by which individuals influence their own psychological experiences and how they experience and express emotions and behaviors accordingly (Gross 2002; Hayes et al. 2006).”
BackgroundChaspari, T., Han, S. C., Bone, D., Timmons, A. C., Perrone, L., Margolin, G., & Narayanan, S. S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2017.7952707 · Cited by 8
“Emotion regulation refers to the process by which people influence their emotional arousal and the way they experience or express it [1].”
BackgroundREGULASI EMOSI DAN BURNOUT PADA GURU HONORER SEKOLAH DASAR SWASTA MENENGAH KE BAWAH
Wulan, D. K., & Sari, N. (2015) · JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi · doi:10.21009/jppp.042.05 · Cited by 6
Associations between Theory of Mind and Emotion Regulation in Argentinean Adults
Meyebovsky, M. M., Tabullo, Á., & García, C. S. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00539-9 · Cited by 7
“When our emotional responses become dysfunctional we frequently try to regulate them so that they are better oriented towards the accomplishment of our goals (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundNeoh, M., Azhari, A., Mulatti, C., Bornstein, M., & Esposito, G. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229316 · Cited by 5
“Such cognitive processes include reappraisal and suppression that downregulate negative affect [13].”
BackgroundCaiado, B., Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01504-1 · Cited by 6
“…socialization process is influenced by variables related to the child, the parents, the culture and the context and ultimately influences children’s socioemotional development (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Eisenberg, Spinrad & Cumberland 1988; Gottman et al., 1997; Gross, 2002; Morris et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNo longer green with envy: Objectifying and destroying negative consumer emotions
Soesilo, P. K. M., Morrin, M., & Onuklu, N. N. Y. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12397 · Cited by 6
Caudate hyperactivation during the processing of happy faces in borderline personality disorder
Lamers, A., Toepper, M., Fernando, S. C., Schlosser, N., Lenz, E., Woermann, F. G., Drießen, M., & Beblo, T. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108086 · Cited by 6
Dixius, A., Goth, K., & Möhler, E. (2021) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.8.679 · Cited by 6
Cognitive reappraisal inventiveness in emotion regulation
Yao, H., Wang, Q., & Zhaoqing, L. I. (2022) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.00601 · Cited by 7
“Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999).”
InfluentialWhen We’re Asked to Change: The Role of Suppression and Reappraisal in Partner Change Outcomes
Sisson, N. M., Wang, G. A., Le, B. M., Stellar, J. E., & Impett, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221078881 · Cited by 8
“Given that suppression can even amplify negative emotion (e.g., Gross, 2002; Low et al., 2017; Peters & Jamieson, 2016), agents may have perceived targets to be upset about their request or unwilling to change, leading to negative perceptions of their partner ’ s overlap with their ideals.”
BackgroundIvanova, S., Treffers, T., Langerak, F., & Groth, M. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587221093295 · Cited by 6
“Drawing on emotion regulation theory (Gross, 1998, 2002), we focus on emotion suppression as a commonly applied strategy for regulating emotional responses in negative experiences (Butler et al., 2007; Gross and John, 2003).”
BackgroundAhmad, F., & Oriani, R. (2022) · European Journal of Finance · doi:10.1080/1351847x.2022.2086478 · Cited by 8
Zhang, M., Yang, F., Fan, H., Fan, F., Wang, Z., Xiang, H., Huang, W., Tan, Y., Tan, S., & Hong, L. E. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111535 · Cited by 6
Ali, M. M., Hoesni, S. M., Rosharudin, N. A., Yusoff, S. R., Razman, M. O. I., Khairuddin, K. F., Daud, T. I. M., Muhammad, N. A., & Kari, D. N. P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811399 · Cited by 11
“It also involves an effort to increase, decrease or maintain positive and negative emotions that may occur consciously or unconsciously [2].”
BackgroundLucas‐Molina, B., Giménez‐Dasí, M., Quintanilla, L., & Sarmento‐Henrique, R. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2187189 · Cited by 6
“…always shared, there is some evidence about the positive role of cognitive strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) and the negative role of suppression strategies (i.e., suppression of expression of negative emotions) (Gross & John, 2003; Gross, 2002; Laghi et al., 2018; Lebowitz & Dovidio, 2015).”
BackgroundBurr, E. K., Dvorak, R., Kramer, M., & Ochoaleyva, A. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101732 · Cited by 8
Does emotional awareness lead to resilience? Differences based on sex in adolescence
Garcia-Blanc, N., Senar, F., Ros‐Morente, A., & Guiu, G. F. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.06.001 · Cited by 8
Arıkan, G., & Kumru, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40850-x · Cited by 10
Mandal, S. P., Arya, Y. K., & Pandey, R. (2014) · Indian Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.15614/ijpp/2014/v5i4/88441 · Cited by 6
Social Anxiety, Beliefs About Expressing Emotions and Experiencing Positive Emotions
Juretić, J., & Živčić–Bećirević, I. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/55110 · Cited by 6
Affective dysregulation and its consequences: Eating disorders and addictions
Bóna, A., Kun, B., Kökönyei, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2013) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/mpszle.68.2013.1.6 · Cited by 7
Attentional control mediates fearful responding to an ecologically valid stressor
Richey, J. A., White, B. C., Valdespino, A., Ghane, M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1015424 · Cited by 6
“…2015 Taylor & Francis Vol. 29, No. 1, –60 79, inhibition (Ferri, Schmidt, Hajcak, & Canli, 2013), or orienting toward “safe” stimuli, possibly including direct coping strategies such as cognitive reappraisal (Derryberry & Reed, 2002; Gross, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2008).”
An emotional regulation model with memories for virtual agents
Rosales, J.-H., Jaime, K., Ramos, F., & Ramos, M. A. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics · doi:10.1109/icci-cc.2013.6622253 · Cited by 6
“For example, when you talk to your child, if you know that he changes his behavior when someone shows anger towards him, then try to look angry but do not feel it.”
BackgroundWissen über Emotionsregulationsstrategien bei Vorschulkindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund
Gust, N., Petermann, F., & Koglin, U. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000307 · Cited by 6
Verständnis von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Vorschulalter
Gust, N., Koglin, U., & Petermann, F. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000117 · Cited by 6
Affect intensity and negative mood regulation (NMR) expectancies: A preliminary Indian study
Mehrotra, S., & Tripathi, R. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.04.001 · Cited by 7
“In theoretical as well as empirical literature, emotional regulation processes are recognized as playing an important role in health and well being (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundStodulka, T. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09546-2_15 · Cited by 6
“Gross (2002, p. 283) defined it as ‘‘inhibiting ongoing emotion-expressive behavior’’ once contextually negatively evaluated emotions are already about to be expressed by the individual.”
BackgroundInfluentialModelling the Dynamics of Emotional Awareness
Thilakarathne, D. J., & Jan Treur, A. (2014) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-419-0-885 · Cited by 6
Chapter 1 The Emotion Experiences of Employees in a Work Setting
Jonker, C., & Botma, N. (2012) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-9791(2012)0000008006 · Cited by 6
Ali, S., & Alea, N. L. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415016682252 · Cited by 6
“The current study focuses on two consequences, specifically, affective consequences measured as emotion experience (i.e., positive and negative affect; e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003), and social consequences measured as relationship satisfaction (e.g., John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialTutorial on In-vehicle Auditory Interactions
Jeon, M., Hosseini, S. M., Landry, S., & Sterkenburg, J. (2016) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3004323.3005685 · Cited by 6
Sakakibara, R. (2014) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.22.1_40 · Cited by 10
Cognitive Profile of Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies
Ansari, Z., & Shahabi, R. (2018) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0081 · Cited by 7
Mothersill, D., Dillon, R., Hargreaves, A., Castorina, M., Furey, E., Fagan, A. J., Meaney, J. F., Fitzmaurice, B., Hallahan, B. P., McDonald, C., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13976 · Cited by 6
“…Grahn, Hampshire, Mobbs, and Dalgleish (2013) reported that working memory training based on social and emotional stimuli leads to working memory improvements that resulted in benefits to emotion regulation, a cognitive ability that significantly impacts upon social cognition (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundTaylor, S. G., Siceloff, E. R., Roberts, A. M., Bradley, W. J., Bridges, R. M., Lorch, E. P., Danielson, C. K., & Flory, K. (2020) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00156-9 · Cited by 6
Eyüboğlu, M. (2020) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2020.00086 · Cited by 7
“Despite not being included in the diagnostic criteria, emotional regulation is an important point that needs to be considered in the ADHD assessment process because of its effect on psychosocial, physical, and social areas (10).”
BackgroundNyman, T., Pegg, S. L., Kiel, E. J., Mistry‐Patel, S., Becker‐Schmall, L. J., & Brooker, R. J. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13647 · Cited by 7
“Our pattern of findings is also consistent with previous work finding a normalization of psychophysiological reactivity (Eisenberger et al., 2007; Kamarck et al., 1990) and the enhanced regulation of emotional arousal (Coan et al., 2006; Gross, 2002) in the presence of social support.”
BackgroundResultLeBlanc, N. J., Bartuska, A., Blanchard, L., Baker, A., & Bui, E. (2021) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20210412-02 · Cited by 6
Melfsen, S., Jans, T., Romanos, M., & Walitza, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.040 · Cited by 6
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Regulating Emotion by Facial Feedback from Teleoperated Android Robot
Nishio, S., Taura, K., & Ishiguro, H. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_39 · Cited by 6
“Emotion regulation, which is the act of controlling our emotions as well as how we experience and express them, is a crucial skill that is required in our social lives [3].”
BackgroundClarke, P. B. (2012) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 6
Rice, S., & Fallon, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Relationships Research · doi:10.1375/jrr.2.1.43 · Cited by 10
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The effect of laughter expression modulation on emotional experience in 4 to 10 year-old children
Famelart, N., & Guidetti, M. (2017) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1201474 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, some studies showed that the suppression of facial expression has a substantial physiological and cognitive cost compared to the control condition in which participants were free to express their emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLevsen, M. P., & Bartholow, B. D. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0639-8 · Cited by 7
“Expressive suppression, in contrast, is a response-focused strategy involving inhibition of the external behavioral signs of an emotional response (Gross, 2001, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007).”
BackgroundResultOn Fitting a Continuous-Time Stochastic Process Model in the Bayesian Framework
Oravecz, Z., Wood, J., & Ram, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77219-6_3 · Cited by 6
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Emotional intelligence: a place in public health promotion and education
Bhochhibhoya, A., & Branscum, P. (2015) · Paediatrics and Health · doi:10.7243/2052-935x-3-2 · Cited by 6
Adaptability in Youth: Components, Predictors and Consequences
Ghasemi-Nejad, M. H. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 6
Chu, V., Lucas, G., Lei, S., Mozgai, S., Khooshabeh, P., & Gratch, J. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00050 · Cited by 6
“Reappraisal is a proactive response to an emotional stimulus that must occur early in the emotion-generative process (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003).”
Background[Palpebral ptosis and blepharospasm secondary to hemispheric cerebral infarction].
Hijosa, M., Esteban, Á., Migallón, M. J. S., & Grandas, F. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Kramer, I. M. A. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150430ik · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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