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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,801–1,900 of 4,870
Lim, J. Y., & Moon, K.-K. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030167 · Cited by 17
“As identified by Gross [34], this manipulation of emotional expression demands deliberate and considerable self-control, consuming cognitive resources during emotion regulation and resulting in a net resource loss [35].”
BackgroundSocial pressures and their impact on smartphone use stickiness and use habit among adolescents
Bai, H., Liu, J., Bai, W., & Cao, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29111 · Cited by 19
“Some behaviors, like language use [114], sports [115], eating habits, emotional regulation [116], and hygiene habits [45], can manifest as both conscious and unconscious.”
BackgroundEmotional Eating among College Students in Israel: A Study during Times of War
Houminer-Klepar, N., Davidovitch, N., & Dopelt, K. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13091347 · Cited by 24
“This could be due to better emotional regulation among adults or better coping mechanisms acquired through adulthood [40].”
BackgroundGarland, E. L. (2014) · Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.3109/15360288.2014.911791 · Cited by 21
Die Rolle der Emotionsdysregulation für die Genese von Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Kullik, A., & Petermann, F. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000113 · Cited by 16
Relaksasi Autogenik untuk Meningkatkan Regulasi Emosi pada Siswa SMP
Fitriani, Y., & Alsa, A. (2016) · Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) · doi:10.22146/gamajpp.9391 · Cited by 19
FMRI Study of Neural Responses to Implicit Infant Emotion in Anorexia Nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Paloyelis, Y., Simmons, A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00780 · Cited by 16
“Suppression of emotional responses can have generally negative emotional and social consequences, including elevated negative mood and social isolation (Gross, 2002; Szczurek et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe time course of indirect moral judgment in gossip processing modulated by different agents
Peng, X., Jiao, C., Cui, F., Chen, Q., Li, P., & Li, H. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12893 · Cited by 16
Early Influence of Affective Context on Emotion Perception: EPN or Early-N400?
Aldunate, N., López, V., & Bosman, C. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00708 · Cited by 17
“…plays a relevant role modulating several cognitive processes such as perception (Vuilleumier et al., 2004), attention (Vuilleumier, 2005; Yiend, 2010), memory (Kensinger, 2009), semantic integration (Egidi and Nusbaum, 2012), and social cognition (Forgas, 2001; Gross, 2002; Batty and Taylor, 2003).”
BackgroundMakowski, D., Sperduti, M., Pelletier, J., Blondé, P., Corte, V. L., Arcangeli, M., Zalla, T., Lemaire, S., Dokic, J., Nicolas, S., et al. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00681-0 · Cited by 14
“…vs. response-focused strategies), the target of their action (the context, the attention focus, the cognitive representation of the event or the bodily state; Gross, 2002), the degree of voluntary control and the prominence of the ER goal (explicit vs. implicit; Braunstein, Gross, & Ochsner, 2017).”
BackgroundOne step at a time: Physical activity is linked to positive interpretations of ambiguity
Neta, M., Harp, N. R., Henley, D. J., Beckford, S. E., & Koehler, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225106 · Cited by 18
Richard, S., Gay, P., Clerc‐Georgy, A., & Gentaz, É. (2019) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.193.0291 · Cited by 16
Kitahara, Y., Mearns, J., & Shimoyama, H. (2020) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12280 · Cited by 19
“Gross (1998a, 2002) proposed the process model of ER.”
Backgroundvan der Kaap‐Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Mouratidis, A. A., Pauw, S. S. W. D., Krøjgaard, P., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001048 · Cited by 16
“Emotion regulation is defined as the processes that individuals use to influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how these emotions are experienced and expressed (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundZhu, S.-M., Ni, S., & Hamilton, K. (2020) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2020.1806717 · Cited by 14
“reduced mental energy to engage in self-regulation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWang, X., Blain, S. D., Wei, D., Yang, W., Yang, J., Zhuang, K., He, L., DeYoung, C. G., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105631 · Cited by 17
Li, W., Li, Y., & Cao, D. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113042 · Cited by 14
Sleep or Play Online Poker?: Gambling Behaviors and Tilt Symptoms While Sleep Deprived
Hamel, A., Bastien, C., Jacques, C. J., Moreau, A., & Giroux, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.600092 · Cited by 16
User Preferences for Calming Affective Haptic Stimuli in Social Settings
Macdonald, S. A., Freeman, E., Brewster, S. A., & Pollick, F. E. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3462244.3479903 · Cited by 17
“Aforementioned heartbeat-like stimuli can aid emotion regulation: redeploying participant attention [20] from stress or anxiety symptoms, to an external sensation [4, 12], preventing a downward spiral of worsening anxiety symptoms [39, 48].”
BackgroundRace-Based Stress Reactions and Recovery: Pilot Testing a Racial Trauma Meditation
Hargons, C. N., Malone, N. J., Montique, C. S., Dogan, J. N., Stuck, J., Meiller, C., Sullivan, Q.-A., Sanchez, A., Bohmer, C., Curvey, R. M. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984211034281 · Cited by 16
“For example, studies conflicting with the results of Bell et al. (2019) report that compensatory suppression of emotion exacerbates or precipitates negative health disparities (Beblo et al., 2012; Gross, 2002).”
ResultKrylova, M., Skouras, S., Razi, A., Nicholson, A. A., Karner, A., Steyrl, D., Boukrina, O. V., Rees, G. E., Scharnowski, F., & Koush, Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02079-4 · Cited by 16
The influence of emotion regulation flexibility on mental health: Evidence from experience sampling
Xiaoqin, W. A. N. G., Yafei, T. A. N., Jie, M. E. N. G., Yuan, L. I. U., Dongtao, W. E. I., Wen-jing, Y., & Qiu, J. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.00192 · Cited by 16
Mediterranean diet and emotion regulation
Holt, M., Lee, J. W., Morton, K. R., & Tonstad, S. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-140016 · Cited by 18
“Examples include major depression, borderline personality disorder [9], binge eating disorder, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders [7].”
BackgroundChampagne, J., Mendrek, A., Germain, M., Hot, P., & Lavoie, M. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00543 · Cited by 16
Emotion Regulation: Processes, Strategies, and Applications to Group Work Training and Supervision
Champe, J., Okech, J. E. A., & Rubel, D. J. (2013) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2013.834403 · Cited by 16
Emotion Regulation Strategies as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction in University Students
Yiğit, A., Özpolat, A. R., & Kandemir, M. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.56062 · Cited by 19
“Gross (2002) mentions three views about the concept of Emotional Regulation: The first is “despite everything, individuals attempt to reduce negative emotions to minimum”.”
BackgroundPassion for a sport activity, escapism, and affective outcomes: Exploring a mediation model
Stenseng, F., & Phelps, J. M. (2016) · Scandinavian Psychologist · doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.3.e2 · Cited by 16
Phan, K. L., & Sripada, C. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.020 · Cited by 16
Emotion Regulation Predicts Imagery Ability
Anuar, N. A., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2016) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236616662200 · Cited by 16
“This can be attributed to the motivational reasons for athletes to reappraise, to decrease the emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialErgenlerde İnternet Bağımlılığının Yordayıcı Olarak Duygu Düzenlemedeki Rolü
Ercengiz, M., & Şar, A. H. (2017) · Sakarya University Journal of Education · doi:10.19126/suje.307236 · Cited by 19
Yıldız, M. A., & Duy, B. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9616-6 · Cited by 18
“Gross (2002) described cognitive reappraisal as a type of cognitive change, defining a non-emotional situation, which potentially evokes emotions within logical boundaries.”
Thuillard, S., & Dan‐Glauser, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12626-7 · Cited by 17
Doan, S. N., Son, H., & Kim, L. N. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.008 · Cited by 16
The Role of Self‐Attention in Leader Development
Steele, A. R., & Day, D. V. (2018) · Journal of Leadership Studies · doi:10.1002/jls.21570 · Cited by 16
A multicomponent approach toward understanding emotion regulation in schizophrenia
Painter, J. M., Stellar, J. E., Moran, E. K., & Kring, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22698 · Cited by 16
Siemer, M. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701440067 · Cited by 16
“Notably, reappraisal has been consistently shown to be the more effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPEKER, A., & NEBİOĞLU YILDIZ, M. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences · doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.869465 · Cited by 16
Zhong, Z., Jiang, H., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15030298 · Cited by 28
“Cognitive reappraisal enables athletes to detach from their current emotional state, reframe the challenges they face, and adopt a fresh, more positive mindset to approach the upcoming competition, thus reducing anxiety and other painful emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Emotional Regulation and Responsibility
Roberts, T. (2014) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-014-9535-7 · Cited by 15
Jezik naravoslovja in razvijanje naravoslovne pismenosti
Ambrožič‐Dolinšek, J. (2021) · University of Maribor, University Press eBooks · doi:10.18690/978-961-286-488-0.14 · Cited by 14
Semenchuk, B. N., Onchulenko, S., & Strachan, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211047148 · Cited by 22
“Future research should examine whether cognitive emotional regulation strategies not yet examined mediate the relationship between self-compassion and sleep quality (such emotion-focused strategies; Vandekerckhove and Wang, 2018) or whether strategies that are antecedent versus response-focused (Gross, 2002) explain t…”
BackgroundBallespí, S., Vives, J., Nonweiler, J., Pérez-Domingo, A., & Neus Barrantes-vidal, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721584 · Cited by 22
Eimontaite, I., Cameron, D. S., Rolph, J., Mokaram, S., Aitken, J. M., Gwilt, I., & Law, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063289 · Cited by 19
“Well-established models of emotion regulation [21,22] point to a dual-component emotion regulation process of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.”
BackgroundRooney, E., Hallauer, C. J., Xie, H., Shih, C.-H., RAPPORT, D. J., Elhai, J. D., & Wang, X. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.078 · Cited by 17
Wang, H., & Song, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981500 · Cited by 19
“So, they use strategies to maintain their commitment and well-being (Beltman and Poulton, 2019), follow the caring ethics (Noddings, 1996) by suppressing emotions (Gross, 2002) and using relaxation techniques (Webster and Hadwin, 2015).”
Sleep, Affect, and Emotion Reactivity in First-Year College Students: A Daily Diary Study
Rea, E. M., Santiago, C. D., Nicholson, L. M., Egbert, A. H., & Bohnert, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10127-0 · Cited by 16
“Specifically, those who demonstrate high levels of trait emotion reactivity might be more consistently reactive to emotion-generating stimuli across situations, possibly leading to difficulty utilizing emotion regulation strategies [34, 39, 40].”
Integration versus Minimization of Emotional Experiences
Roth, G., & Benita, M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197600047.013.10 · Cited by 15
Li, W., Li, Y., Cao, D., Qian, Z., Wang, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108560 · Cited by 13
Empower Psychotherapy with mHealth Apps: The Design of “Safer”, an Emotion Regulation Application
Diano, F., Sica, L. S., & Ponticorvo, M. (2023) · Information · doi:10.3390/info14060308 · Cited by 18
“…on transdiagnostic elements, which means cognitive and emotional processes that are not specific to a disorder but are rather common in a wider spectrum of psychiatric and psychological diseases, such as emotional dysregulation, which is a common feature across various mental disorders [95,96].”
BackgroundYang, M., Wu, J., Wu, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030164 · Cited by 15
RetractedDecoded EEG neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training for emotion regulation
Li, L., Gui, X., Huang, G., Zhang, L., Wan, F., Han, X., Wang, J., Ni, D., Liang, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-024-10108-x · Cited by 15
“Cognitive reappraisal is one of the most effective emotion regulation strategies and is the effortful modification of a situation’s meaning to change its emotional impact (Gross, 2002; Gross, 2015).”
Mutlu, A. K., & Solhi, M. (2024) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102022 · Cited by 21
Liu, J., Zhang, H., Tao, S., He, J., & Li, S. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104151 · Cited by 15
Parents’ Experience During Wartime: Vulnerability, Complexity, and Parental Functioning
Mijalevich-Soker, E., & Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2025) · Journal of loss & trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2465388 · Cited by 15
“…that avoidance and suppression are related to negative consequences (Cutuli, 2014; Dryman & Heimberg, 2018), some studies presents mixed results, indicating that suppression can serve as a beneficial strategy in certain contexts (Greenaway & Kalokerinos, 2017; Gross, 2002; Moore et al., 2008).”
Yao, Q., Zhu, W., Gao, Y., Wang, J., Liu, C., Zhao, G. W., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70038 · Cited by 17
“Emotion regulation theory posits that individuals, particularly adolescents, are more likely to seek external methods of emotion regulation when confronted with negative emotions [14].”
Measuring children's regulation of emotion-expressive behavior.
Bar‐Haim, Y., Bar-Av, G., & Sadeh, A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022602 · Cited by 17
“…the concept of emotion regulation has received an increasing degree of theoretical and empirical consideration (e.g., Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Fox, 1994; Gross, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Thompson, 1994) and has become a pivotal organizing concept in developmental and clinical research.”
BackgroundSubjective and physiological emotional response in euthymic bipolar patients: A pilot study
Lemaire, M., Aguillon-Hernandez, N., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Martineau, J., & El‐Hage, W. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.002 · Cited by 15
Can we shield ourselves from task disturbance by emotion-laden stimulation?
Augst, S., Kleinsorge, T., & Kunde, W. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0243-x · Cited by 15
A New Lens on the Development of Social Cognition: The Study of Acting
WINNER, T. R. G. A. E. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780415965545-21 · Cited by 15
“To change our emotions, we can engage in reappraisal – which means changing the way we view a situation in order to change the emotional impact of the situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundNentjes, L., Bernstein, D. P., Meijer, E. H., Arntz, A. R., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_235 · Cited by 15
“Such emotional over-control could be considered emotion (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional Benefits of Expressive Writing in a Sample of Romanian Female Cancer Patients
Kállay, É., & Băban, A. (2008) · Cognitie, Creier, Comportament · Cited by 15
Kessler, H., Schmidt, A. C., Hildenbrand, O., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01511 · Cited by 15
“Those reactions typically call for regulatory processes, ranging from deliberate and conscious emotion regulation (e.g., reappraisal; Gross, 2002), to less conscious defense mechanisms (e.”
BackgroundProchwicz, K., Kłosowska, J., & Kałużna-Wielobób, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.046 · Cited by 15
“The process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross and John, 2003) postulates that two separate strategies, i.e. cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, are used to cope with emotional states.”
BackgroundMethodZhou, X., & Wu, X. (2018) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2018.14 · Cited by 16
“Cognitivereappraisalisanantecedent-focusedcoping strategy(e.g.,Gross,2002),bywhichapersonmakesac-tiveeffortstorepairanegativeemotionalstate,aswell asgeneratingbenignorpositiveinterpretationsorper-spectivesinrelationtoastressfulsituation(e.g.,Gross, 1998).”
Anticipation of difficult tasks: neural correlates of negative emotions and emotion regulation
Klein, E., Bieck, S. M., Bloechle, J., Huber, S., Bahnmueller, J., Willmes, K., & Moeller, K. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-019-0155-1 · Cited by 16
Cognitive reappraisal and nasal cytokine production following experimental rhinovirus infection
Brown, R. L., Shahane, A. D., Chen, M. A., & Fagundes, C. P. (2019) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100012 · Cited by 15
Maftei, A., Bostan, C. M., & Zaharia, D. V. (2019) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2019.1691512 · Cited by 18
Emotion regulation through bifocal processing of fear inducing and disgust inducing stimuli
Wittfoth, D., Pfeiffer, A., Bohne, M., Lanfermann, H., & Wittfoth, M. (2020) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-020-00597-x · Cited by 15
Schreiber, A., Pilkonis, P. A., & Hallquist, M. N. (2021) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000472 · Cited by 14
Social and Interpersonal Implications of Alexithymia
Grynberg, D., Berthoz, S., & Bird, G. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108241595.013 · Cited by 17
The role of affective urgency and emotion regulation in vaping susceptibility
Reff, J., & Baschnagel, J. S. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100355 · Cited by 15
“Emotion regulation is the process by which an individual tries to influence their emotional experience and expression (Gross, 2002) such as by changing one’s situation, attention, appraisal, response, or any combination of the four (Gross, 2015).”
BackgroundVargas, A. E. O., Venebra-Muñoz, A., Aguilera-Reyes, U., & García-López, G. I. (2021) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-021-00187-8 · Cited by 15
“This construct is defined as the internal processes that a person carries out to maintain, inhibit, or increase emotion expressions and experiences (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Indirect Effects of Anger on Relational Aggression through Anger Rumination
Kokkinos, C. M., Voulgaridou, I., & Despoti, G. (2021) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1969242 · Cited by 15
“…adaptive thinking styles (e.g., cognitive reappraisal; seeking to reframe or reinterpret the meaning of an aversive event in a sense that alters its emotional effect; Gross, 2002), may curb the inhibition of anger, minimizing the probability of aggressive behavior in adults (Denson et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEmotional reactivity and executive control: A pathway of risk for the development of childhood worry
Gramszlo, C., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.005 · Cited by 15
“Consistent with current theories of emotional processes (Gross, 2002), pathological worriers appear to experience dysfunction at each level of emotional reaction, regulation and response.”
BackgroundOn the role of sadness in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa
Naumann, E., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Voderholzer, U., & Svaldi, J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.043 · Cited by 16
Osuch, E. A., Vingilis, E. R., Ross, E., Forster, C. I., & Summerhurst, C. (2013) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0067 · Cited by 15
“A total ERQ score was calculated as the sum of the Reappraisal subscale (considered to be an adaptive approach to emotion regulation) minus the sum of the suppression subscale (thought to be a maladaptive approach to emotion regulation) (22).”
MethodEvaluating emotion processing and trait anxiety as predictors of non-criminal psychopathy
Burns, S., Roberts, L. D., Egan, S. J., & Kane, R. T. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.044 · Cited by 14
“Reappraisal is considered adaptive because it involves cognitively neutralising emotional situations, requiring less cognitive effort than suppression, a maladaptive regulation strategy which involves inhibition of the expression of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAffective processing in overwhelmed individuals: Strategic and task considerations
Kerns, J. G., & Berenbaum, H. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930902927664 · Cited by 15
“In contrast, when currently aroused, people can regulate emotions by active suppression of affective information and by processing information in a way that is semantically inconsistent with the undesired mood state (Gross, 2002; Wegner, 1994).”
InfluentialÁvila, M., Cabral, J., & Matos, P. M. (2011) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2011.593342 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, these latter two dimensions have been identified as distinct ways of directing attention toward emotions (eg, Fuendeling, 1998 ; Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundEmotional labour and successful ageing in the workplace among older Chinese employees
Cheung, F. Y.-L., & Wu, A. M. S. (2012) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x12000414 · Cited by 15
Danish Health Professionals' Experiences of Being Coached: A Pilot Study
Ammentorp, J., Jensen, H. I., & Uhrenfeldt, L. (2013) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.21157 · Cited by 16
An investigation of the implicit control of the processing of negative pictures.
Yiend, J., Mathews, A., Weston, B., Dunn, B. D., Cusack, R., & Mackintosh, B. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014146 · Cited by 13
La gestion des émotions au travail : le cas des policiers d'élite
Monier, H. (2014) · RIMHE Revue Interdisciplinaire Management Homme(s) & Entreprise · doi:10.3917/rimhe.013.0105 · Cited by 15
“Il reconsidère la signification émotionnelle d’un événement (Gross, 2001 ; Gross, 2002).”
The anterior midcingulate cortex as a neural node underlying hostility in young adults
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Miyauchi, C. M., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., Shinada, T., et al. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1200-6 · Cited by 15
“…emotional regulatory behaviors, such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, are widely observed during healthy psychological adaptation, as evidenced by the fact that higher reappraisers report fewer negative emotions and more positive emotions (Kantor and Robertson 1977; Gross 2002).”
BackgroundBand‐Winterstein, T. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816665206 · Cited by 16
“The recent literature on emotion regulation emphasized on humans efforts to control emotion experiences (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAnger in response to challenge: children’s emotion socialization predicts approach versus avoidance
Smiley, P. A., Buttitta, K. V., Chung, S. Y., Coffey, J. K., Wang, B. A., & Borelli, J. L. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9583-5 · Cited by 17
“First, it is consistent with findings in the adult literature that anger is both avoidance- and approach-motivating (Cooper et al. 2008) and that anger suppression is negatively associated with performance (e.g., Gross 2002; Gross and Levenson 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRichner, S. C., Cullati, S., Cheval, B., Schmidt, R. E., Chopard, P., Meier, C. A., & Courvoisier, D. S. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0630-z · Cited by 15
“However, there is a lack of valid instruments to measure regret intensity and regret regulation strategies in healthcare professionals [34], although regret can be conceptually quantified by the intensity of the emotion and coping can be assessed by the frequency of use of the various strategies [13, 35].”
BackgroundMaternal neural reactivity during pregnancy predicts infant temperament
Brooker, R. J., Kiel, E. J., MacNamara, A., Nyman, T., John‐Henderson, N. A., Schmidt, L. A., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12316 · Cited by 15
“To focus on emotional reactivity (Dan Foti & Hajcak, 2008; Gross, 2002), LPP was defined as the mean EEG amplitude at electrode Pz between 300 and 700 ms post-stimulus.”
BackgroundUsing Video Games to Regulate Emotions
Sarsenbayeva, Z., Tag, B., Shu, Y., Kostakos, V., & Gonçalves, J. (2020) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3441000.3441035 · Cited by 20
Emotional intelligence and materialism: the mediating effect of subjective well-being
Rūtelionė, A., Šeinauskienė, B., Nikou, S., Lekavičienė, R., & Antinienė, D. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4386 · Cited by 15
Social skill imbalances in mood disorders and schizophrenia
Pérez, J. E., Riggio, R. E., & Kopelowicz, A. J. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.011 · Cited by 15
“, inhibiting the outward signs of emotion) in response to emotionally provocative stimuli leads to more negative emotion, worse interpersonal functioning, memory impairment, and less well-being (Gross, 2002; Gross & Oliver, 2003).”
BackgroundAt the Heart of Policing: Emotional labor among police officers
van Gelderen, B. R. (2013) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 15
Individual differences in the impact of odor-induced emotions on consumer behavior
Lin, M.-H. (2014) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1704 · Cited by 15
Dougherty, E. N., Bottera, A. R., Haedt‐Matt, A. A., & Wildes, J. E. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24027 · Cited by 15
Chen, D., Wen, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Q., & Xu, W. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05613-5 · Cited by 15
“Grounded in cognition reappraisal theory, which posits that emotional impact can be altered by reinterpreting the emotion-eliciting situation (Gross, 1998, 2002), it is suggested that individuals with higher cognitive flexibility are more adept at emotional reappraisal (Malooly et al., 2013).”
Shahsavar, Y., & Choudhury, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319983 · Cited by 16
“Cognitive change involves helping individuals shift their perspective on events to alter the emotional significance they attach to those events [41].”
Domic‐Siede, M., Sánchez‐Corzo, A., Álvarez, X., Araya, V., Espinoza, C., Zenis, K., Guzmán‐González, M., Irani, M., Perrone‐Bertolotti, M., & Ortiz, R. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70075 · Cited by 15
“…cognitive reappraisal led to a reduction in LPP amplitude, consistent with its effectiveness in reducing emotional engagement (Goldin et al. 2008; Gross 2002; Gross and John 2003; Hajcak and Nieuwenhuis 2006; Harrison and Chassy 2019; Moser et al. 2009; Ochsner et al. 2012; Read et al. 2018;…”
Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Mehdinezhadnouri, K., Liu, J., & Lu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1608508 · Cited by 21
“The positive effects of music listening on SWB can be further elucidated through the frameworks of emotion regulation theory (Gross, 2002) and the stress buffering model (Cohen and Wills, 1985).”
Busso, D. S. (2014) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12042 · Cited by 14
“Self-regulation, or the ability to flexibly and effortfully modulate internal states and experiences, is thought to be a core process when coping with stress and hardship (Gross, 2002) and predicts educational outcomes in both early childhood and adolescence (Blair, 2002).”
BackgroundMa, M., Chen, X., Yao, L., Zhang, B., & Bi, Y. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106432 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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