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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,001–2,100 of 4,870
Gomez, P., Scholz, U., & Danuser, B. (2015) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9280-2 · Cited by 13
“The regulation of emotions has been defined as “the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them” (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKöppe, C., Schütz, A., & Held, M. J. (2020) · doi:10.20378/irb-46523 · Cited by 13
Emotion regulation via reappraisal – mechanisms and strategies
Scherer, K. R. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2209712 · Cited by 18
Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation
Szanto, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02002 · Cited by 12
“Psychological work on individual ER, or self-regulation, abounds ever since the work of Thompson (1994) and Gross (1998, 2002, 2013)5.”
BackgroundExpressive suppression mediates the relation between disordered eating and suicidal ideation
Ortiz, S., Knauft, K., Smith, A., & Kalia, V. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22830 · Cited by 12
Engagement and Disengagement: From the Basic Science of Emotion Regulation to an Anxiety Spectrum
MacNamara, A. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70006 · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, although antecedent-focused strategies are generally thought of as superior to response-focused strategies (e.g., Gross 1998a, 2002), there appear to be important distinctions between the various antecedent-focused strategies in terms of how emotion regulation is accomplished.”
Shi, Y., Cheng, Q., Wei, Y., Liang, Y., & Zhu, K. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13050053 · Cited by 23
Yue, X., Cao, H., Wang, Y., Zhu, D. Y., & Hu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1663439 · Cited by 13
“Four main theoretical pathways are used to explain how physical activity relates to aggression: emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), cognitive control (Diamond, 2013), social bonding (Loudin et al., 2003), and social identity (Harwood, n.d.).”
Monitoring the Impact of Negative Events and Deciding About Emotion Regulation Strategies
Manzoor, A. F., Abro, A. H., & Jan Treur, A. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59294-7_30 · Cited by 12
Yang, W., Jia, H., Feng, Q., Wei, D., Qiu, J., & Hulbert, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.057 · Cited by 12
“However, reappraisal is considered as a more effective strategy of decreasing self-reported negative emotional experience (Gross, 2002) and have prolong effect on reducing negative feelings (Hermann et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEfekt sformułowania w decyzjach ryzykownych a ukierunkowania regulacyjne
Rutkowska, D., & Grzesik, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial04 · Cited by 11
Umiejętności narracyjne osób w spektrum autyzmu
Chojnicka, I. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial08 · Cited by 11
Chan, M., Williams, A. I., Teng, Y. T., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2048347 · Cited by 13
“Expression of sadness has been linked with higher social support and higher peer-rated likability (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWeerdmeester, J., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., & Granic, I. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0030 · Cited by 14
“11 However, the extent to which these visualizations increase interoceptive awareness and, in turn, positively influence anxiety regulation may depend on how these changes are appraised.”
Wayda‐Zalewska, M., Grzegorzewski, P., Kot, E., Skimina, E., Santangelo, P., & Kucharska, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013659 · Cited by 12
“Those components are interrelated and change in time as the emotion unfolds [14].”
BackgroundWobeto, M. I., Brites, R., Hipólito, J., Nunes, O., & Brandão, T. (2022) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/156259 · Cited by 17
“Yet , some studies have suggested that the suppression of emotions may be important to maintaining relationships and employment (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundKaraçam, A., Orhan, B. E., Özdemir, A. S., Sabuncu, A. A., & Mereuţă, C. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16768 · Cited by 15
Using Reappraisal to Improve Outcomes for STEM Teachers and Students
Cohen, L. D., Gross, J. J., & Rubinsten, O. (2023) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.313 · Cited by 16
Self-citationHellzèn, O., Hammarström, L., Ekman, O., & Devik, S. A. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2259997 · Cited by 12
“Gross (1998) suggests that a strategy which he called emotional regulation (Gross, 2002) can be used early in this process of emotional labour.”
BackgroundChen, Y., Zhang, L., & Yin, H. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00828-9 · Cited by 11
“To be specific, it has been suggested that STG was associated with directing attention to particular emotional material or assuming new perspectives (Ochsner & Gross, 2005), which may be linked with cognitive control processing of reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
Mind over mood: exploring the executive function’s role in downregulation
Rodas, J. A., León-Rojas, J. E., & Rooney, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322055 · Cited by 17
Hou, Y., Chen, S., & Xiao-ying, L. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12635 · Cited by 12
Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Xu, F., Zong, Y., Chen, L., & Li, W. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01759-w · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, according to Gross’s process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process might differ from the later one in consequences [43].”
MethodKhalil, A. I., Alharbi, R., Qtame, H. A., Bena, R. A., & Khan, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2024-0160 · Cited by 24
Akbari, A., Torabizadeh, C., Nick, N., Setoodeh, G., & Ghaemmaghami, P. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00860-1 · Cited by 14
“A variety of approaches to learning emotion regulation have been suggested [21, 26], among them the emotion regulation techniques introduced by Leahy et al. [27], whose effectiveness has been confirmed in several studies [28, 29].”
Piccolo, L. D., Danzi, O. P., Fattori, N., Mazzi, M. A., & Goss, C. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.06.001 · Cited by 14
“This regulation permits flexibility in emotional responding in accord with one’s momentary as well as one’s longer term goals in any given situation [4,5].”
BackgroundThe Relationship of Self-Regulation and Aggression
Roß, T., & Fontao, M. I. (2007) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x07308667 · Cited by 12
Yıldız, M. A. (2017) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2017.67894 · Cited by 14
“The basic goal of emotion regulation is to alter the natural emotional reaction to appropriate levels (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEncoding cultures in robot emotion representation
Dang, T. L. Q., Tuyen, N. T. V., Jeong, S., & Chong, N. Y. (2017) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2017.8172356 · Cited by 12
“During social interactions among humans, internal states including emotions regulated by different cultures can lead to an enhancement to positive social relationships or an increase in discord [16].”
BackgroundFadoir, N. A., Kuhlman, S. T. W., & Smith, P. N. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1599480 · Cited by 14
A Thematic Analysis of Parents’ Gendered Beliefs About Emotion in Middle Childhood Boys and Girls
Thomassin, K., Bucsea, O., Chan, K. J., & Carter, E. I. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19868261 · Cited by 10
“For instance, the type of emotion, emotion context, and intensity of emotion are all relevant factors in determining whether emotion expression can be useful versus harmful (Gross, 2002; Thompson, 1994).”
BackgroundReliability and validity of a temporal distancing emotion regulation task in adolescence.
Suksasilp, C., The SCALES Team, Griffiths, S., Sebastian, C. L., & Norbury, C. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000744 · Cited by 13
“…individuals’ habitual use of cognitive strategies for emotion regulation, such as reappraisal, which involves reinterpreting emotional stimuli to change their emotional impact (e.g., Ayduk & Kross, 2010; Compas, Connor-Smith, Saltzman, Thomsen, & Wadsworth, 2001; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundSmiley, P. A., Partington, L. C., Cochran, C. R., & Borelli, J. L. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21975 · Cited by 14
Predictors of Asylum Seekers’ Health Care Utilization in the Early Phase of Resettlement
Kindermann, D., Zeyher, V., Nagy, E., Friederich, H., Bozorgmehr, K., & Nikendei, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00475 · Cited by 12
“In the present study, the concept of ER will be used in terms of the two strategies cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (20).”
MethodDuncan, K., Winder, B., Blagden, N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x20956957 · Cited by 12
“Not allowing therapy to become meaningful is an emotion regulation strategy that allows residents to retain control and protect themselves from disappointment or rejection (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRasheed-Karim, W. (2020) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v15i24.19307 · Cited by 12
“Emotional Regulation: This includes the efforts to increase, maintain or decrease emotion (Gross, 2002 & Levenson, 1999).”
BackgroundPinto, A. L. D. C. B., Pasian, S. R., & Malloy‐Diniz, L. F. (2021) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0015 · Cited by 15
A dynamic multilevel modeling approach to university students’ anxiety and hope regulation
Rottweiler, A.-L., & Nett, U. E. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101987 · Cited by 11
Calhoun, C. D., Patterson, M. W., Bendezú, J. J., Helms, S. W., Owens, S., Rudolph, K. D., Hastings, P. D., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.001 · Cited by 12
Lv, M., Tan, X., Xing, C., Zheng, J., & Han, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743970 · Cited by 14
“In their model, suppression is considered to be a reaction-centered emotional regulation strategy, which regulates emotional responses by controlling emotional expression behaviors that are about to occur or are occurring (Gross, 2010).”
BackgroundEmotion dysregulation and hoarding symptoms: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Mohammadkhani, S., Turchmanovych, N., Chasson, G. S., Majlesi, N., Hajialiani, V., & Askari, T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23318 · Cited by 12
Ballespí, S., Nonweiler, J., Sharp, C., Vives, J., & Neus Barrantes-vidal, A. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12409 · Cited by 14
“For instance, attention to emotions can aggravate anxious reactions (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Mansell et al., 1999) or somatization (Schmaling & Fales, 2018).”
BackgroundDear Diary: An Exploration of L2 Teachers’ Emotional Experiences
Dumančić, D., Martinović, A., & Burić, I. (2022) · Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning · doi:10.52598/jpll/4/2/7 · Cited by 15
“Gross (2002) has defined emotion regulation as the process that helps us shape which emotions we experience, and when and how we display them.”
InfluentialEmotion regulation strategies and the two-dimensional model of adult attachment: a pilot study
Domic‐Siede, M., Guzmán‐González, M., Burgos, J., Carvallo, C., Flores-Guerra, C., Fredes-Valenzuela, C., Suazo, J., Véliz‐García, Ó., Calderón, C., Sánchez‐Corzo, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1141607 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, individuals with avoidant attachment use predominantly behavioral inhibition or expressive suppression of emotions which is known as response-focused emotion regulation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAlvinius, A., Boström, M. E., & Larsson, G. (2015) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-11-2013-0142 · Cited by 12
Evaluating Word in Phrase: The Modulation Effect of Emotional Context on Word Comprehension
Liu, H., Hu, Z., & Peng, D. (2012) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-012-9221-7 · Cited by 12
Menezes, C. B., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 11
Out of mind, out of heart: Attention affects duration of emotional experience
Freund, A. M., & Keil, A. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.725574 · Cited by 12
“According to Gross (2002), the deliberate deployment of attention is highly relevant for generating, maintaining, or altering FREUND AND KEIL”
BackgroundInfluentialTransformational Leadership: From the Perspective of Neurological Leadership
Liu, Y., Jing, Y., & Gao, M. (2015) · Open Journal of Leadership · doi:10.4236/ojl.2015.44013 · Cited by 12
“Studies have shown that individuals with different mastery degree of two emotion regulation strategies-cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression show significant differences in their prefrontal lobe and right prefrontal lobe (Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRohleder, P., Lambie, J., & Hale, E. (2016) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1225985 · Cited by 12
“These two strategies are usually found to be ineffective or unhelpful in the medium- or long-term [10,19].”
BackgroundChue, A. E., Gunthert, K. C., Ahrens, A. H., & Skalina, L. M. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000239 · Cited by 11
Creativity in the Domain of Emotions
Ivčević, Z., Bazhydai, M., Hoffmann, J. D., & Brackett, M. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316274385.029 · Cited by 12
Tatar, A., Saltukoğlu, G., & Özmen, E. (2017) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2017.18065 · Cited by 14
Negative emotion and trait emotional intelligence in reaction to terrorist attacks
Rubaltelli, E., & Pittarello, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.036 · Cited by 13
“Measuring trait EI allowed us to examine how people react di ff erently to the same attacks but did not reveal which speci fi c strategy they used (Gross, 2002).”
Lantrip, C., Delaloye, S., Baird, L., Dreyer-Oren, S. E., Brady, R. E., Roth, R. M., Gunning, F. M., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000190 · Cited by 12
McClain, C. M., Younginer, S. T., & Elledge, L. C. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01548-9 · Cited by 12
Famelart, N., Diene, G., Çabal-Berthoumieu, S., Glattard, M., Molinas, C., Guidetti, M., & Tauber, M. (2020) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-020-1333-9 · Cited by 12
Wu, Y., Li, S., & Juan, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00954 · Cited by 13
“Conversely, the emotion regulation strategy known as expression suppression is defined as inhibiting ongoing emotionexpressive behavior (Gross, 2002), which is regarded as a potentially maladaptive strategy wherein, after the development of an emotional response that has already been activated and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Lorandini, S., Sanfey, A. G., & Bonini, N. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/npe0000130 · Cited by 13
Tasneem, S. A., & Panwar, N. (2020) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-020-00144-4 · Cited by 21
He, L., Zhao, W., Gao, Y., Gao, X., & Lei, X. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.001 · Cited by 13
“Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) The Chinese version of the ERQ, an established 10-item self-report questionnaire, was used to assess participants' emotion-regulation processes, (Gross, 2003).”
The Case for Emotion-induced Toxicity: Making Sense of Toxic Emotions in the Workplace
Lawrence, S. A. (2008) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781848443778.00013 · Cited by 13
Neural basis of affect and emotion
Kirkland, T., & Cunningham, W. A. (2011) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.145 · Cited by 13
A socio-cognitive approach to customer adherence in health care
Snell, L., White, L., & Dagger, T. S. (2014) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-05-2012-0290 · Cited by 12
Pasquier, A., Bonnet, A., & Pedinielli, J.-L. (2008) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2008.02.007 · Cited by 12
“Conformément à la littérature nous pouvons penser que ce processus d’inhibition entraîne des coûts émotionnels et sociaux pour l’individu (Butler, 2004 ; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundExpressão e regulação emocional no contexto de trabalho: um estudo com servidores públicos
Rodrigues, A. P. G., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2014) · RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie · doi:10.1590/s1678-69712014000200003 · Cited by 12
Une adaptation française du Questionnaire de Régulation Émotionnelle à la situation d’apprentissage
Leroy, V., Boudrenghien, G., & Grégoire, J. C. (2014) · Mesure et évaluation en éducation · doi:10.7202/1024464ar · Cited by 18
“…adaptatif puissant dont l’efficacité a été démontrée dans des domaines aussi variés que la santé mentale (Gross & Munoz, 1995), les relations sociales (Gross, 2002) ou encore la réussite professionnelle (Quoidbach & hansenne, 2009). en psychologie de l’éducation, mise à part la gestion de…”
Narimani, M., Abbasi, M., Abolghasemi, A., & Ahadi, B. (2013) · International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.10791 · Cited by 12
Tsumura, H., Sensaki, J., & Shimada, H. (2015) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-015-0049-x · Cited by 12
Winiarski, D. A., Schechter, J. C., Brennan, P. A., Foster, S. L., Cunningham, P. B., & Whitmore, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426616638315 · Cited by 14
“Increases in physiological responding suggestive of emotion regulation may still occur in the absence of overt behaviors (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCognitive‐behavioral Art Therapy Revisited
Rosal, M. L. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118306543.ch7 · Cited by 15
Emotions in a Web-based Learning Environment
Nummenmaa, M. (2007) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 16
Akeren, İ., Çeli̇k, E., Yayla, İ. E., & ÖZGÖL, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12040445 · Cited by 17
“Gross [70] stated that emotion regulation strategies have a significant impact on an individual’s psychological well-being.”
Carvalho, S. A., Eulálio, I., & Guiomar, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112205 · Cited by 18
Exploring the n-back task: insights, applications, and future directions
Huang, S., Chen, C., Mo, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, Y., Dong, K., & Xu, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1721330 · Cited by 20
“Several studies have confirmed that n-back training has a positive eect on aective control (Gross, 2002; Schweizer et al., 2011, 2013).”
Xu, J., Liu, H., & Huang, Y. (2021) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2021.1886055 · Cited by 11
“How teachers regulate their emotional experiences consciously and unconsciously is seen as an important part of the emotional process (Gross 2002), as emotional regulation has been shown to enhance teaching effectiveness in the classroom.”
BackgroundStallmann, L., Dukes, D., Tran, M., de Gevigney, V. D., Rudrauf, D., & Samson, A. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.826241 · Cited by 13
“The idea is that the participant can adopt this for their own cognitive reappraisal, the reinterpretation of emotional events, which has been shown to be a potentially highly apt self-regulation strategy (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundValdivia, I. M. Á., González-Parera, M., & Manero, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818431 · Cited by 11
“In other words, emotion regulation means the capability to manage the emotional experiences and expressions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPatiro, S. P. S., Budiyanti, H., Hendarto, K. A., & Hendrian, H. (2022) · Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business · doi:10.22146/gamaijb.64578 · Cited by 21
“Thus, Gross (2002) and Koole (2009) found evidence that an individual’s ability to control and regulate his/her emotions is strongly related to his/her ability to deal with a difficult situation.”
BackgroundMauersberger, H., Tune, J. L., Kastendieck, T., Czarna, A. Z., & Heß, U. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14084 · Cited by 13
Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Lv, J., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108282 · Cited by 11
Nauman, S., Malik, S. Z., & Saleem, F. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2022.2129418 · Cited by 12
Llistosella, M., Torné, C., García-Ortiz, M., López-Hita, G., Ortiz, R., Herández-Montero, L., Guallart, E., Solbas, E. U., & Miranda-Mendizábal, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066874 · Cited by 19
“The first consists in reframing or re-interpreting the meaning of an event in order to experience it more appropriately, reducing negative behavioral and physiological responses (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundKazemitabar, M., Lajoie, S. P., & Doleck, T. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12021-y · Cited by 13
“…socially-shared emotion regulation (SSER), which encompasses shared and interactive regulatory processes where team members manage their shared emotionally challenging situations together (Gross, 2002; Järvenoja et al., 2013; Järvenoja & Järvelä, 2009; Thompson & Fine, 1999; Ujitani & Volet, 2008).”
Polusny, M. A., Marquardt, C. A., Hubbling, M., Campbell, E. H., Arbisi, P. A., Davenport, N. D., Lim, K. O., Lissek, S. M., Schaefer, J. D., Sponheim, S. R., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/51235 · Cited by 14
“For details outlining the collection of additional COVID-19–focused surveys through supplemental funding from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, see the Multimedia Appendix 2 [1,31,38,44,45,48,84-127].”
BackgroundWang, G., Liu, X., & Lei, J. (2023) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2023.2283472 · Cited by 13
“Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression are common emotion regulation strategies (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundZhou, H., Zhou, L., Zheng, T.-X., Ma, L., Fan, M., Liu, L., Zhao, X., & Yan, C. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001591 · Cited by 13
Setiyowati, A. J., Rachmawati, I., Wiyono, B. B., Indreswari, H., & Laksana, E. P. (2024) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v13i3.26778 · Cited by 11
“However, it is possible that there are individuals who cannot regulate their emotions properly, which is indicated by the inability to respond and express appropriately when experiencing emotional turmoil within themselves [10], [11].”
BackgroundHuang, Z., Chen, S., & Chen, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05945-2 · Cited by 12
“Gross’s emotional regulation process model (1998, 2002) suggests that emotion regulation is a fundamental process of mental health.”
Giancola, M., Palmiero, M., & D’Amico, S. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2024.2399403 · Cited by 16
“Although this strategy can be helpful in certain situations, it often requires self-monitoring and self-corrective processes as well as a continual outlay of cognitive resources (Gross, 2002).”
Xue, J., Yan, F., Hu, T.-Y., & He, W. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02119-y · Cited by 15
“…events, which is antecedent-focused and highlights the regulation before the activation of a full emotional response; Expressive suppression emphasizes the control and inhibition of emotional reactions, which is response-focused and stresses the regulation after an emotional response (Gross, 2002).”
Okur, S., Satıcı, S. A., Erdinç, B., & Akyıl, Y. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10130-0 · Cited by 17
“As previously stated, well-being is linked to emotions, so individuals must regulate their emotions [23].”
Zhu, Z., Aitken, J. A., Kim, J., Baines, J. I., Kaplan, S. A., Dalal, R. S., & Hassani, J. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70020 · Cited by 14
Pupil responses to emotion regulation strategies: the role of attachment orientations
Domic‐Siede, M., Guzmán‐González, M., Sánchez‐Corzo, A., Granillo, L., Salazar, C., Silva, M. N., Ortiz, R., & Ossandón, T. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2512886 · Cited by 11
“Cognitive reappraisal involves altering the interpretation of an emotional stimulus to reduce its impact, while suppression involves inhibiting emotional expression after the emotion has been generated (Gross, 2001, 2002).”
Jensen, D. A., Høvik, M. F., Monsen, N. J. N., Eggen, T. H., Eichele, H., Adólfsdóttir, S., Plessen, K. J., & Sørensen, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01846 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, based on the theories of Gross (Gross, 2002; Sheppes and Gross, 2011; Sheppes et al., 2014) and Posner and Rothbart (Posner and Rothbart, 2000; Rueda et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOh, D. H., Lee, S., Kim, S. H., Ryu, V., & Cho, H. S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.042 · Cited by 10
Maddock, A., Hevey, D., D’Alton, P., & Kirby, B. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1823950 · Cited by 12
Critical incidents in anorexia nervosa: perspectives of those with a lived experience
Leppänen, J., Tosunlar, L., Blackburn, R., Williams, S., Tchanturia, K., & Sedgewick, F. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00409-5 · Cited by 11
“social support offered by others and disrupted communication [11, 12, 40].”
BackgroundVerger, N. B., Shankland, R., & Sudres, J. (2021) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2021.1962104 · Cited by 14
Comparing the affective and social effects of positive reappraisal and minimising reappraisal
Zhao, Y., Waugh, C. E., Kammrath, L. K., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.2014787 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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