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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,901–3,000 of 4,870
Long, F., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Liang, P., Chen, X., & Hou, L. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105329 · Cited by 5
An Empirical Examination of Tourists’ Decision-Making-Based Regret
Pressey, A. D., & Harris, L. C. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251357830 · Cited by 3
“Somewhat counterintuitively, however, regret can also be anticipated (Zeelenberg, 2018), where regret might be predicted or projected into the future; regret that we plausibly believe we might experience at some impending point.”
InfluentialTaridashti, S., Naseh, M., Garcia, E. M. Z., & Lee, J. (2025) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-025-01760-4 · Cited by 4
“Participants’ concealment of illness, mis - carriage, or grief reflects what Gross [ 29] terms “response modulation”, a late-stage emotion regulation strategy often triggered under constrained conditions.”
The four pathways of assertiveness: a multidimensional framework for enhancing individual well-being
Yoshinaga, N., & Cooper, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1610807 · Cited by 9
“Behavioral psychologists argue that when individuals face persistent sadness or depression, the natural response may be to withdraw, which can worsen the condition (Gross, 2002).”
Bachfischer, A., & Harris, I. M. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02745-y · Cited by 4
“…fight with a co-worker, receiving an offensive remark, watching graphic news footage, attending admissions inter-view, hearing loud music next door in the middle of the night, encountering an erratic driver on the road, failing an exam, or dealing with an upset child (Gross, 1998a, b, 2002, 2013).”
InfluentialLi, S., Zhao, X., & Jeon, L. (2025) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-025-09891-3 · Cited by 6
Edisherashvili, N., Saks, K., Kallas, K., Pedaste, M., & Leijen, Ä. (2025) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70110 · Cited by 5
Ameli, F., Minucci, F. A., Zanini, L., Calmi, G., & Spitoni, G. F. (2025) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2025.866 · Cited by 6
“Emotion regulation (ER) can be defined as an attempt to alter the magnitude and/or quality of emotions either prior to or following an emotional response (Gross, 2002).”
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Social Wellbeing: the Mediating Role of Emotional Experiences
Tu, S., He, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Liu, J., Turel, O., & He, Q. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00960-x · Cited by 6
“Conversely, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies suppress outward displays of positive and negative emotions but do not effectively diminish the internal experience of these emotions (Gross, 1998, 2002 ; Gross & John, 2003).”
Rossi, A. A., Panzeri, A., & Mannarini, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03482-6 · Cited by 5
“By triggering or aggravating clinical issues, ERD serves as a predictor of psychopathology [10–12] and can profoundly impact life [13, 14].”
Teachers who use cognitive reappraisal to manage their emotions are more forgiving of others
Schornick, Z. T., & Braun, S. S. (2025) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2025.100158 · Cited by 3
Lee, M. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15110374 · Cited by 5
“Gross [18] outlines two primary emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal and suppression.”
Zuo, H.-J., Mu, F.-Z., Zhang, D.-Y., Zhu, W., Zhou, N., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, X.-Y., Li, C., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03535-w · Cited by 3
“Prior research has consistently demonstrated the beneficial impact of robust emotional management ability on sleep quality, emphasizing its role in alleviating negative emotions like anxiety and depression, and subsequently, improving sleep [85, 86].”
Diao, R., Yao, J., & Li, J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03534-x · Cited by 5
A controlled study of emotional dysfunction in adult women with ADHD
Slobodin, O., Sinay, M. H., & Zohar, A. H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337454 · Cited by 4
“Emotional regulation can be defined as a complex process by which people modulate their emotions to direct their behavior towards goals using different strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and response inhibition [33].”
Jin, M., Cao, J., Zhao, H., & Li, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1600506 · Cited by 8
“Numerous studies have demonstrated the intricate relationship between cognition, emotion, and behavior (Gross, 2002; Forgas, 2008), highlighting that individual cognition and emotion significantly influence behavioral outcomes (van Kleef et al., 2017).”
Zlatanou, F., Dickert, S., & Henneberg, S. C. M. (2025) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.12.002 · Cited by 3
Shi, Y., Hui, X., Li, G., Ouyang, M., & Yang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1687667 · Cited by 6
“According to the theory of emotion regulation, self-control is central to regulating emotions, especially when dealing with strong negative emotions such as boredom (Gross, 2002; Baumeister and Vohs, 2004).”
Wang, X., Si, H., Li, Y., Yu, J., Zhou, W., Chen, H., & Wang, C. (2026) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.108852 · Cited by 3
Procrastination Trap: the Hidden Link between Stress, Anxiety, Amotivation and Academic Dishonesty
Jannat, T., Reza, M. N. H., Arefin, M. S., Uddin, M. A., Khee, E. P. C., & Pervez, N. (2026) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-026-09722-7 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, individuals may suppress or alter their emotional responses by engaging in alternative activities (Gross, 2002).”
Perrella, L., Patrizi, P., Lepri, G., Scarpa, M. L., & Lodi, E. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16030410 · Cited by 3
“The ability to manage emotions is fundamental in academic life (Öztekin et al., 2025), as effective emotional regulation can help reduce anxiety and stress (Keskiner et al., 2025) and improve resilience and interpersonal relationships (Gross, 2002; Huai et al., 2025).”
Sánchez‐Ruiz, M., Hajj, S. E., Giménez-Lozano, J. M., Hernández-Saguar, A. E., Khoury-Malhame, M. E., Doumit, R., Petrides, K. V., & Romero, M. C. (2026) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.70061 · Cited by 3
“Adolescence, as a pivotal stage of rapid neurobiological, emotional and social development, makes individuals especially sensitive to environmental stressors (Ford & Gross, 2019; Gross, 2002).”
Unconscious habit systems in compulsive and impulsive disorders
Cuzen, N. L., Fineberg, N. A., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001994 · Cited by 3
KECEMASAN TERHADAP BERITA HOAX DITINJAU DARI STRATEGI EMOSI PADA MILLENNIAL MOM
Herwanto, H., & FEBYANI, S. (2015) · JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi · doi:10.21009/jppp.041.03 · Cited by 3
Faye, S., & Hooper, J. (2018) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.02.002 · Cited by 6
“As Gross puts it: “emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely that we will do so” (Gross, 2002, p. 281).”
BackgroundWójcik, N. E., & Nȩcka, E. (2019) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2019.85508 · Cited by 3
“Cognitive change and inhibition are related to different brain activations (e.g., Vrtička, Sander, & Vuilleumier, 2011), and usually the former appears to be more effective than the latter (Gross, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHafshah, N. N., & Pratiwi, A. (2024) · Proceeding of The International Conference of Inovation Science Technology Education Children and Health · doi:10.62951/icistech.v3i1.59 · Cited by 3
Warrior Ethos versus Well-Being: Correcting a Cultural Dichotomy
Konheim‐Kalkstein, Y. L., Strauchler, O., Erbe, R. G., Gerardi, B. C., & Peterson, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Character and Leadership Development · doi:10.58315/jcld.v10.249 · Cited by 4
“For the long-term, however, chronic ignoring of or suppressing of feelings may lead to difficulties with identifying, understanding, accepting, and modulating emotions (Gross, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997), and sustained lack of emotional awareness or expression can create longer-lasting emotional difficulties (Davies…”
BackgroundChan, H. W., Wong, D. F. K., Ching, S. K. L. Y., Lo, H. H. M., & Ng, T. K. (2023) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12593 · Cited by 3
Physiological and neural synchrony in emotional and neutral stimulus processing: A study protocol
Hollandt, M., Kaiser, T., Mohrmann, H., Richter, J., & Wirkner, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1133760 · Cited by 3
Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescence: A Literature Review
Ma, M., & Sui, T. (2023) · International Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.54097/ijeh.v8i2.7795 · Cited by 4
Childhood Maltreatment and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Young Adults
Wong, N. E., Hagan, M. J., & Holley, S. R. (2023) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000909 · Cited by 3
Gao, H., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Zhang, C., Feng, Z., Li, Z., Tong, L., Yan, B., & Hu, G. (2023) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001921 · Cited by 3
Watanabe, D. K., Pourmand, V., Lai, J., Park, G., Koenig, J., Wiley, C. R., Thayer, J. F., & Williams, D. P. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112258 · Cited by 3
Bassi, G., Embaye, J., de Wit, M., Snoek, F. J., & Salcuni, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288550 · Cited by 4
“Specifically, the process of intrinsic emotion regulation concerns the ability to adopt strategies to maintain, increase or decrease one or more dimensions of one’s emotional response as a function of personal and social goals (Gross, 2002; Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundSurber, C., Hoepfel, D., Günther, V., Kersting, A., Rufer, M., Suslow, T., & Bodenschatz, C. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1338194 · Cited by 5
“A positive attentional bias can be considered as a form of antecedent emotion regulation (83) that increases the likelihood of positive feelings and reduces the probability of negative emotional experiences (39).”
BackgroundThe effect of cognitive reappraisal and early-life maternal care on neuroendocrine stress responses
Bentele, U. U., Klink, E. S. C., Benz, A., Meier, M., Gaertner, R. J., Denk, B., Dimitroff, S. J., Unternäehrer, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57106-x · Cited by 5
“Strategies to change the attentional focus are considered effective to regulate responses in emotional or stressful situations 36,37 .”
Kim, S., & Yoon, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2999 · Cited by 3
Emotional Flooding in Couple Relationships: Psychosocial Aspects and Regulatory Strategies
del Castillo‐López, Á. G., Berenguer-Soler, M., Pineda, D., & del Castillo, J. A. G. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006183 · Cited by 3
Raschle, N. M., Borbás, R., Dimanova, P., Unternäehrer, E., Kohls, G., Brito, S. A. D., Fairchild, G. F., Freitag, C. M., Konrad, K., & Stadler, C. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.005 · Cited by 4
A Review of Adolescent Emotion Regulation Ability
Lai, C. (2024) · International Journal of Education and Humanities · doi:10.54097/5x2m1355 · Cited by 4
“…that individuals can use five strategies to regulate the emotion generation process: The five stages of situation selection, situation correction, attention allocation, cognitive change, and response regulation are arranged in chronological order according to the emotional generation process [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion regulation motives in adolescence shape regulatory strategy use
Shao, S., Nie, Q., Teng, Z., Blain, S. D., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12416 · Cited by 6
Kemp, K. C., Hernández, L. M., Berglund, A. M., Kaczorowski, J. A., Burgin, C. J., Neus Barrantes-vidal, A., & Kwapil, T. R. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.113025 · Cited by 3
Cultivating emotional literacy in language teachers during teacher training
Dumančić, D. (2025) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2025.2453517 · Cited by 4
“Research such as Acheson et al. (2016) and King (2016) has addressed how experiences with unpleasant emotions leads to self-regulation among teachers, while Gross (2002) emphasises the importance of ER for teachers, as unchecked emotions can cause more harm than benefit.”
Karababa, A. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2466100 · Cited by 3
“Instead, cognitive reappraisal is related negatively to these outcomes (Dryman & Heimberg, 2018; Gross, 1998, 2002; Haga et al., 2009).”
Wang, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1502128 · Cited by 4
“…psychological capital (Hu, 2021; Luthans et al., 2007), employment confidence (Wang, 2024; Betz et al., 1996) and emotional regulation ability (Gross, 2002) as mediating variables of perceived social support and intention to change majors, but few studies have focused on the mediating role of…”
Acute Effects of Slow-Paced Breathing on Emotion Regulation: A Pilot Study
Kurdziel, L. B. F., McDevitt, L., & Hardway, C. L. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251329856 · Cited by 8
Huang, S., & Wan, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02726-9 · Cited by 12
“On the other hand, this parenting style helps children develop positive emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, enabling them to effectively manage negative emotions resulting from bullying [13].”
InfluentialZabirova, A., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323896 · Cited by 3
Xiao, M., Wang, Y., Zhuang, Y., Luo, Y., Liu, L., Lin, Y., Gao, D., & Xu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1571275 · Cited by 5
The Fundamentals of Human Behavior in Organizations: Attitudes, Values, and Workplace Success
Akande, A., Bobek, V., Krakkai, A., Ternullo, G., & Horvat, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85803-1_2 · Cited by 4
The interaction between emotion dynamics and opinion changes in the era of generative AI
Li, S., Fan, S., & Demartini, G. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100722 · Cited by 5
Abate, R., Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02544-8 · Cited by 3
Liu, J., Wang, X. T., & Zhu, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03211-z · Cited by 3
Pratt, M. G., Hedden, L. N., & Khan, H. (2025) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2022.0212 · Cited by 5
Zhan, Y., Luo, L., Cheng, S., & Hu, X. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251358898 · Cited by 3
“According to Gross’s process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), emotion regulation strategies may moderate behavioral activation processes, with cognitive reappraisal being a widely adopted strategy (Gross, 2015).”
Wang, L., Jing, Y., & Song, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172756 · Cited by 3
“According to Gross, the two types of widely accepted emotion regulation strategies currently include expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal [46,47].”
McWhirter, P. T., Nelson, J., & Waldo, M. (2014) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2014.955384 · Cited by 3
“Some studies have demonstrated that antecedent-focused strategies are associated with increased well-being and improved interpersonal functioning (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundVahedi, S., Touraj, H., & Einipour, J. (2013) · Advances in Cognitive Science · Cited by 3
강문선, & Lee, Y. (2011) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.12.5.201110.1545 · Cited by 3
Hofmann, S. G. (2015) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.035814 · Cited by 4
“Emotion regulation is generally defined as the process by which people influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Anger Regulation Scale for Adolescents (ARS-A): validity and reliability studies
Yıldız, M. A. (2016) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2016290306 · Cited by 3
Song, X., Kim, G.-W., Moon, C., & Jeong, G. (2017) · Clinical Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.03.021 · Cited by 3
The Effects of the Literal Meaning of Emotional Phrases on the Identification of Vocal Emotions
Shigeno, S. (2017) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-017-9526-7 · Cited by 3
“Although the discrepancy between ELMS and a speaker’s vocal emotion plays an important role in obfuscating the speaker’s true emotion, only a few studies have been conducted regarding this issue (e.g., Gross 2002; Gross and Levenson 1997; Roche et al. 2015).”
Background김혜원, & Oh, I. (2016) · The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling · doi:10.35151/kyci.2016.24.1.008 · Cited by 4
The Loud Crowd: Using Vocal Responses to Understand the Emotional Experiences of Spectators
Katz, M., Heere, B., & Reifurth, K. R. N. (2018) · Journal of applied sport management · doi:10.18666/jasm-2018-v10-i2-8679 · Cited by 3
“Meaningful experiences and feelings can assist in promoting behavioral and psychological responses (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2012), which can lead to long-term attachment to a team (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInterpersonal Emotion Regulation in the Work of Financial Traders
Vohra, S. (2018) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-979120180000014013 · Cited by 3
Kim, S., & Hyun, M. (2018) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.3.159 · Cited by 3
“Key Words: Emotional clarity, Emotion regulation, Cognitive flexibility 서 론 정서 조절이란 특정한 정서를 경험하고 표현하는 방식을 결정하는 인지과정이다(Gross, 2002).”
A Review of Emotion Regulation
史, 书. (2018) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2018.810172 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Reappraising Social Exclusion on Emotional Distress.
Kitchens, M. B., & Gohm, C. L. (2010) · Cited by 3
The Effects of Emotion Suppression on Depression and Anxiety: The Moderating Effects of ‘Nunchi’
Park, W. (2017) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.18.4.201708.47 · Cited by 3
Holic, R. I., & CREŢU, C. (2018) · Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.35923/jes.2018.2.07 · Cited by 4
“Realizing a parallel with the strategies proposed by Gross (2002), the two previously mentioned seem to target different families, of which the reduction of tension reflecting students' attempts to modulate the response (e.g. suppressing unpleasant feelings) and re-appraising the importance of the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffects of emotion, emotional tolerance, and emotional processing on reasoning
Harvey, A. M., & Kisley, M. A. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2228539 · Cited by 5
Emotion in cognitive processing therapy for PTSD
Martin, C. E., Stayton, L. E., & Chard, K. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816022-0.00017-x · Cited by 3
Kökönyei, G., & Kocsel, N. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.3.7 · Cited by 4
Leadership, Affect, and Emotion in Work Organizations
Cropanzano, R., Johnson, S. K., & Lambert, B. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108573887.018 · Cited by 4
Samuelson, K. W., Engle, K., Bartel, A., Jordan, J. T., Powers, T., Abadjian, L. R., & Benight, C. C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.067 · Cited by 6
“In addition to classic CBT techniques for challenging appraisals, brief computer-based “reappraisal training,” which has been successful in reducing intrusive thoughts (Woud et al., 2012), may be most effective when appraisals have low “truth value” (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEscapism: suppression of self or its expansion?
Mičić, B., & Musil, B. (2020) · Studia Historica Slovenica · doi:10.32874/shs.2020-09 · Cited by 5
Güzel, H. Ş., Akkaya, G., & Altuntaş, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.24008 · Cited by 4
“Aynı zamanda bireyin sosyal yaşamına etkide bulunmakta, var olan ilişkilerin sürdürülmesinde ve bu ilişkilerinin nasıl olduğuna yönelik değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir role sahip olmaktadır (30,31).”
Yavuz, O., & Yüksel, M. Y. (2021) · Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists · doi:10.17478/jegys.908540 · Cited by 3
Yılmaz, L., Yazar, R., & TOLAN, Ö. Ç. (2021) · International Online Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15345/iojes.2021.04.016 · Cited by 5
Lo, S. L., Riley, H. O., Sturza, J. S., Vázquez, D. M., Rosenblum, K. L., Kaciroti, N., Lumeng, J. C., & Miller, A. L. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22204 · Cited by 3
Pusvitasari, P., & Yuliasari, H. (2021) · MOTIVA JURNAL PSIKOLOGI · doi:10.31293/mv.v4i2.5844 · Cited by 3
Do self-talk phrases affect behavior in ultimatum games?
Frey, V., Mulder, H. N. M. D., ter Bekke, M., Struiksma, M. E., Berkum, J. J. A. V., & Buskens, V. (2022) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-022-00286-8 · Cited by 3
“Individuals engaging in cognitive reappraisal focus on assigning a particular personal meaning to a situation and thereby influence which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundRelationship between autistic traits and emotion regulation using humor in the general population
Nagase, K. (2022) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2021-0133 · Cited by 3
The Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation in Relationship Between Narcissism and Cyberbullying
Ćwieluch, P., & Błachnio, A. (2022) · Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration · doi:10.18290/pepsi-2021-0008 · Cited by 6
“Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression are strategies that lead to different consequences in the affective, cognitive, and social domains (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundModulation of Conflict Processing by Reappraisal: An Experimental Investigation
Yang, Q., & Pourtois, G. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050564 · Cited by 3
“To test this assumption, we devised a new procedure where the participants in the experimental group could more easily establish a connection between negative affect elicited from the Stroop task and positive affect generated from the subsequent reward-related visual discrimination task, and once established, engage i…”
MethodHubungan Regulasi Emosi dengan Resiliensi Akademik Siswa SMA Seminari Menengah Pematangsiantar
Sembiring, M., & Tarigan, T. N. (2022) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Katolik · doi:10.52110/jppak.v2i2.56 · Cited by 3
La régulation émotionnelle dans le cycle d’interactions du couple
Duriez, N. (2022) · Cahiers critiques de thérapie familiale et de pratiques de réseaux · doi:10.3917/ctf.069.0093 · Cited by 3
Moore, R., Gillanders, D. T., & Stuart, S. (2022) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint3040024 · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Cifre, A. B., Bower, J. L., Connaboy, C., Simpson, R. J., & Alfano, C. A. (2022) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.10.052 · Cited by 3
Brinkman, H. R., Smith, J. E., Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Farris, S. G. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10342-9 · Cited by 2
“ER has been identified as a putative risk factor for smoking, presumably due to its role in modulating how individuals monitor and manage distress (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEkphrasis Tulisan Emosi dalam Memahami Regulasi Emosi
Santoso, A. M. (2019) · Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam · doi:10.29080/jbki.2019.9.2.98-120 · Cited by 2
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Sexual Functioning in Sports Practitioners: A Pilot Study
Peixoto, M. M., & Sousa, F. (2023) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2023.2172511 · Cited by 4
“…between available and desired emotions is experienced during and after a sport performance or competition (Lane et al., 2012), when athletes or sport practitioners use conscious or automatic strategies to enhance, modify, or suppress emotional experiences (Gross, 2002; Lane et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCancer beliefs and diet self-management among cancer survivors with comorbid diabetes
Muellers, K., Soukas, C., Zeidman, R., Pantaleon, K., Harris, Y., Wisnivesky, J. P., & Lin, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01340-1 · Cited by 3
“Emotion and cognition are also often linked and together establish an interplay that regulates patient behavior [23, 26].”
Nurdağ, F. T., & İnan, F. Ş. (2023) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001221 · Cited by 3
Duygusal Yemenin Yordayıcıları Olarak Üstbiliş, Duygu Düzenleme Zorlukları ve Öz Şefkat
ÇAMKERTEN, Ö., & Güloğlu, B. (2023) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.1152254 · Cited by 7
Åhlander, A., Strömbäck, M., Sandlund, J., & Wiklund, M. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12647 · Cited by 6
The effects of cognitive reappraisal and sleep on emotional memory formation
Martinez, B. S., Denis, D., Kim, S. Y., DiPietro, C., Stare, C., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2221843 · Cited by 3
“Critically, a central tenet of the Process model proposes that the effects of emotion regulation strategies on affective, cognitive, or social domains differ depending on when they are engaged during the emotion-generative process (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundUcuz, İ., Çiçek, A. U., Celik, M. K., Akan, M., Kesriklioğlu, E., Güngör, S., & Özcan, Ö. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001746 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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