Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life: a longitudinal, explorative study of a large cohort of Danish infants
Open accessAbstract
Fecal samples were obtained from a cohort of 330 healthy Danish infants at 9, 18, and 36 months after birth, enabling characterization of interbacterial relationships by use of quantitative PCR targeting 31 selected bacterial 16S rRNA gene targets representing different phylogenetic levels. Nutritional parameters and measures of growth and body composition were determined and investigated in relation to the observed development in microbiota composition. We found that significant changes in the gut microbiota occurred, particularly from age 9 to 18 months, when cessation of breastfeeding and introduction of a complementary feeding induce replacement of a microbiota characterized by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae with a microbiota dominated by Clostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp. Classification of samples by a proxy enterotype based on the relative levels of Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. showed that enterotype establishment occurs between 9 and 36 months. Thirty percent of the individuals shifted enterotype between 18 and 36 months. The composition of the microbiota was most pronouncedly influenced by the time of cessation of breastfeeding. From 9 to 18 months, a positive correlation was observed between the increase in body mass index and the increase of the short-chain-fatty-acid-producing clostridia, the Clostridum leptum group, and Eubacterium hallii. Considering previously established positive associations between rapid infant weight gain, early breastfeeding discontinuation, and later-life obesity, the corresponding microbial findings seen here warrant attention.
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In the first years of life the microbial community is dynamic and some bacteria that become part of the adult microbiota already colonize the gut during the first months of life.
“Especially in the first years of life the microbial community is dynamic and some bacteria that become part of the adult microbiota already colonize the gut during the first months of life (230-232).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [230]
Microbial colonization of the intestinal tract is a successive process throughout the course of life.
“Microbial colonization of the intestinal tract is a successive process throughout the course of life.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [230]
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- Authors
- Bergström, A., Skov, T. H., Bahl, M. I., Roager, H. M., Christensen, L. B., Ejlerskov, K. T., Mølgaard, C., Michaelsen, K. F., & Licht, T. R.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2889-2900
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC3993305
- OpenAlex
- W2096205027
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 17.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- infant gut microbiota, microbiome development, breastfeeding cessation, complementary feeding, enterotypes, Bacteroides, Clostridium, short-chain fatty acids, infant weight gain, body mass index, obesity risk, lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium hallii, 16S rRNA gene
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Breast Feeding, Child, Preschool, Denmark, DNA, Bacterial, Feces, Female, Humans, Infant, Intestines, Male, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Cohort Studies, Microbiota
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