Upward spirals of the heart: autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness
Open accessAbstract
Vagal tone (VT), an index of autonomic flexibility, is linked to social and psychological well-being. We posit that the association between VT and well-being reflects an "upward spiral" in which autonomic flexibility, represented by VT, facilitates capitalizing on social and emotional opportunities and the resulting opportunistic gains, in turn, lead to higher VT. Community-dwelling adults were asked to monitor and report their positive emotions and the degree to which they felt socially connected each day for 9 weeks. VT was measured at the beginning and end of the 9-week period. Adults who possessed higher initial levels of VT increased in connectedness and positive emotions more rapidly than others. Furthermore, increases in connectedness and positive emotions predicted increases in VT, independent of initial VT level. This evidence is consistent with an "upward spiral" relationship of reciprocal causality, in which VT and psychosocial well-being reciprocally and prospectively predict one another.
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MDMA's effect on positive affect may act through its influence on bonding-related hormones such as oxytocin and prolactin that may be linked to vagal tone.
“As reviewed above, this effect may have its action through the influence of MDMA on the bonding-related hormones such as oxytocin and prolactin that may be linked to vagal tone (83).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
The Discussion (page unavailable) speculates that high oxytocin levels might increase positive emotions, and links positive emotions and social connectedness with vagal tone. It does not discuss MDMA or prolactin, or establish a link between either hormone and vagal tone. The proposed MDMA–hormone–vagal-tone pathway is therefore not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kok, Bethany E.
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 432-436
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3122270
- OpenAlex
- W2171148059
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2016-05-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Association for Psychological Science
- National Institutes of Health
- Society for Personality and Social Psychology
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 59615, R01MH059615)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- vagal tone, autonomic flexibility, positive emotions, social connectedness, psychosocial well-being, upward spiral, reciprocal causation, heart rate variability, social well-being
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Autonomic Nervous System, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Residence Characteristics, Social Support, Linear Models, Young Adult
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