Childhood Adversity Heightens the Impact of Later-Life Caregiving Stress on Telomere Length and Inflammation
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OBJECTIVE: To address the question of whether childhood abuse and other adversities have lasting, detectable consequences for inflammation and cell aging late in life, and whether the effects are large enough to be discernible beyond that of a major chronic stressor, dementia family caregiving. Previous research on the physical health consequences of childhood abuse and other adversities has been based on data from young or middle-aged adults. METHOD: In this community sample of 132 healthy older adults (mean age = 69.70 years; standard deviation = 10.14), including 58 dementia family caregivers and 74 non-caregivers, blood samples were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and telomere length, a measure of cell aging. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. RESULTS: After controlling for age, caregiving status, gender, body mass index, exercise, and sleep, the presence of multiple childhood adversities was related to both heightened IL-6 (0.37 ± 0.03 log10 pg/mL versus 0.44 ± 0.03 log10 pg/mL) and shorter telomeres (6.51 ± 0.17 Kb versus 5.87 ± 0.20 Kb), compared with the absence of adversity; the telomere difference could translate into a 7- to 15-year difference in life span. Abuse was associated with heightened IL-6 and TNF-α levels; for TNF-α, this relationship was magnified in caregivers compared with controls. Moreover, abuse and caregiving status were associated significantly and independently with higher levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse childhood events are related to continued vulnerability among older adults, enhancing the impact of chronic stressors. Childhood adversities cast a very long shadow.
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A socially tumultuous early environment predicts higher levels of IL-6 and TNFα in a community sample of older adults.
“higher levels of IL-6 and TNFα in a community sample of older adults”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Kiecolt-Glaser, Gouin, et al., 2011
The Results (IL-6 and TNF-α; page not provided) link childhood abuse and multiple adversities to higher IL-6 in this community sample of older adults. TNF-α was only marginally higher for participants reporting abuse overall, with a significant increase specifically among abused caregivers; childhood adversity was not significantly related to TNF-α. The claim omits those qualifications. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConcentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α are elevated with childhood maltreatment.
“Concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α are elevated with childhood maltreatment (Gouin et al, 2012;Hartwell et al, 2013;Kiecolt-Glaser et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2011;Tietjen et al, 2012).”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Kiecolt-Glaser et al, 2011
The Results section ('IL-6 and TNF-α'; page unavailable) reports higher IL-6 with childhood abuse and marginally higher TNF-α overall, with significantly higher TNF-α among abused caregivers. The paper does not report elevated IL-1β, so it does not support the claim for all three cytokines. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExposure to ELA is prospectively and retrospectively associated with increased inflammation in later life.
“exposure to ELA was prospectively and retrospectively associated with an increased inflammation in later life (Danese et al., 2008; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011; Coelho et al., 2014).”
From The interplay between stress, inflammation, and emotional attention: relevance for depression (2019) · cites this paper as Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011
Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations are inversely correlated with LTL in MDD, in individuals with histories of early life stress, and in healthy individuals with high C-reactive protein levels or high cumulative inflammatory load.
“Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations are inversely correlated with LTL in MDD (Wolkowitz et al., 2011a), in individuals with histories of early life stress (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011), and in healthy individuals with high C-reactive protein levels or high cumulative inflammatory load (O'Donovan et al., 2011b; Revesz et al., 2013).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011
Chronic psychological stress has been associated with shorter telomeres during childhood and adulthood, though not consistently.
“Chronic psychological stress has been associated with shorter telomeres during childhood and adulthood, though not consistently.”
From Determinants of telomere attrition over 1 year in healthy older women: stress and health behaviors matter (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Gouin, J.-P., Weng, N.-P., Malarkey, W. B., Beversdorf, D. Q., & Glaser, R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glaser, Ronald
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-22
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3051180
- OpenAlex
- W2141379992
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 28.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG025732, R21AG025732)
- National Cancer Institute (CA16058, P30CA016058)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025755)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, childhood abuse, dementia caregiving, family caregivers, telomere length, cellular aging, inflammation, interleukin-6, TNF-α, depressive symptoms, chronic stress, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Child, Child Abuse, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Life Change Events, Male, Psychoneuroimmunology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Body Mass Index, Telomere, Cellular Senescence, Caregivers, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
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