Valuable Products from Biotechnology of Microalgae
Abstract
The biotechnology of microalgae has gained considerable importance in recent decades. Applications range from simple biomass production for food and feed to valuable products for ecological applications. For most of these applications, the market is still developing and the biotechnological use of microalgae will extend into new areas. Considering the enormous biodiversity of microalgae and recent developments in genetic engineering, this group of organisms represents one of the most promising sources for new products and applications. With the development of sophisticated culture and screening techniques, microalgal biotechnology can already meet the high demands of both the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Due to their simple cultivation with high protein content and nutritional value, Chlorella and Arthrospira platensis are at the forefront of the microalgal market.
“Due to their simple cultivation with high protein content and nutritional value, Chlorella and Arthrospira platensis are at the forefront of the microalgal market [63,78].”
From Challenges in Functional Food Products with the Incorporation of Some Microalgae (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
Algae are produced in quantity and sold directly as food and nutrient supplements, while their processed products or extracts are used in biopharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
“Algae are produced in quantity and sold directly as food and nutrient supplements, while their processed products or extracts are used in biopharmaceuticals and cosmetics [5–7].”
The world energy crisis in the 1970s led to the identification of algae as renewable and sustainable sources for biofuels production, prompting the exploration of microalgae as a new field of research for fuels and other valuable products.
“The world energy crisis in the 1970s led to the identification of algae as renewable and sustainable sources for biofuels production, prompting the exploration of microalgae as a new field of research for fuels and other valuable products [10, 140].”
From The promising future of microalgae: Current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products (2018) · cites this paper as [140]
About 5000 metric tons of dry algal biomass processed for bioproducts generates US$ 1.25 × 109 each year.
“According to one estimate, about 5000 metric tons of dry algal biomass processed for bioproducts generates US$ 1.25 × 109 each year [140].”
From The promising future of microalgae: Current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products (2018) · cites this paper as [140]
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“Algae is a rich source of high quality protein, vitamins, micronutrients (trace elements), and carotenoids, Long-chain PUFAs, especially of n-3 and n-6 series such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic (AA) are considered pharmacologically important for dietetics and therapeutics [90].”
Carotenoids from Marine Organisms: Biological Functions and Industrial Applications
Galasso, C., Corinaldesi, C., & Sansone, C. (2017) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox6040096 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
“, is characterized by microalgae with the widest diversity of pigments [121].”
BackgroundMicroalgae for “Healthy” Foods-Possibilities and Challenges
Chacón‐Lee, T. L., & González‐Mariño, G. E. (2010) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00132.x · Cited by 428 · see citing works
High-efficiency homologous recombination in the oil-producing alga Nannochloropsis sp.
Kilian, O., Benemann, C. S. E., Niyogi, K., & Vick, B. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1105861108 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“Many algae have high photoautotrophic growth rates and can accumulate more than half their dry weight biomass as lipids (5), including triacylglycerol and a number of high-value pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products (6).”
BackgroundTibbetts, S. M., Milley, J. E., & Lall, S. P. (2014) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0428-x · Cited by 423 · see citing works
“and aquaculture sectors appear to be the most promising areas to focus for generating revenues (Pulz and Gross 2004; Brune et al. 2009; Stephens et al. 2010; Subhadra and Grinson 2011; Ahmed et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Potential Commercial Source of Fucoxanthin Extracted from the Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Kim, S. M., Jung, Y.-J., Kwon, O.-N., Cha, K. H., Um, B.-H., Chung, D., & Pan, C.-H. (2012) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9602-2 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Huerlimann, R., de Nys, R., & Heimann, K. (2010) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.22809 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
“2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Natrah et al., 2007; Plaza et al., 2008), animal feeds and fertilizers (reviewed in Pulz and Gross, 2004; Spolaore et al., 2006), and bioplastics (Murphy, 2006).”
BackgroundHealth applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae
Raposo, M. F. D. J., Morais, R. M. S. C., & Morais, A. M. M. B. (2013) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.002 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
A perspective on the biotechnological potential of microalgae
Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S., Kumar, N. A., Sridhar, S., & Rengasamy, R. (2008) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/10408410802086783 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Potential of industrial biotechnology with cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae
Wijffels, R. H., Kruse, O., & Hellingwerf, K. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2013.04.004 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
“Food supplements from microalgae comprise an important market in which compounds such as b-carotene, astaxanthin, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) such as DHA and EPA and polysaccharides such as beta-glucan dominate [1,2].”
BackgroundXia, S., Wang, K., Wan, L., Li, A., Hu, Q., & Zhang, C. (2013) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md11072667 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“[8].”
Enamala, M. K., Enamala, S., Chavali, M. S., Jagadish, D., Yadavalli, R., Kolapalli, B., Aradhyula, T. V., Velpuri, J., & Chandrasekhar, K. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.012 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Fabris, M., Abbriano, R. M., Pernice, M., Sutherland, D. L., Commault, A. S., Hall, C. C., Labeeuw, L., McCauley, J. I., Kuzhiuparambil, U., Ray, P., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00279 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Schmollinger, S., Mühlhaus, T., Boyle, N. R., Blaby, I. K., Casero, D., Mettler, T., Moseley, J. L., Kropat, J., Sommer, F., Strenkert, D., et al. (2014) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.113.122523 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“…potential in the production of biofuels (H2, ethanol, or biodiesel) and high-value products like carotenoids, fatty acids, or recombinant proteins (Pulz and Gross, 2004; Chisti, 2007; Wijffels and Barbosa, 2010; Georgianna and Mayfield, 2012; Jones and Mayfield, 2012; Merchant et al., 2012), and…”
BackgroundVitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation
Rizzo, G., Laganà, A., Rapisarda, A., La Ferrera, G., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., Nigro, A., Muscia, V., Valenti, G., Sapia, F., et al. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120767 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a microalgae frequently used as a supplement [187].”
BackgroundEngineering photosynthetic light capture: impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversion
Mussgnug, J. H., Thomas‐Hall, S. R., Rupprecht, J., Foo, A., Классен, В., McDowall, A. W., Schenk, P. M., Kruse, O., & Hankamer, B. D. (2007) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00285.x · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“The selected sequence (corresponding to nucleotides 527–713 3′ from the cDNA start codon) was amplified by PCR using LHCBM1 cDNA as template (sense primers: cggaattcgcctggacaagctgtaccc-gctctagaaggtggtcggacaggttc, antisense primers: cggaattcgcctggacaagctgtaccc-gctctagaaccagaccacacaagacgac, XbaI and EcoRI restriction si…”
MethodInfluentialNet energy and greenhouse gas emission evaluation of biodiesel derived from microalgae
Batan, L., Quinn, J., Willson, B., & Bradley, T. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es102052y · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Pereira, H., Barreira, L. A., Figueiredo, F., Custódio, L. M. B., Vizetto‐Duarte, C., Polo, C., Rešek, E., Engelen, A. H., & Varela, J. C. S. (2012) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md10091920 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
“Considering their fundamental role in metabolism, it comes as no surprise that beneficial properties have been attributed to PUFA, like antibacterial [4–6], anti-inflammatory [7,8], antioxidant [9], prevention of cardiac diseases [10], and inhibition of tumor progression [11,12].”
BackgroundMicroalgae cultivation in photobioreactors: sustainable solutions for a greener future
Abdur Razzak, S., Bahar, K., Islam, K. M. O., Haniffa, A. K., Faruque, M. O., Hossain, S. M. Z., & Hossain, M. M. (2024) · Green Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.gce.2023.10.004 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Kwietniewska, E., & Tys, J. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.041 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Skjånes, K., Rebours, C., & Lindblad, P. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.3109/07388551.2012.681625 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
“, dominated by Chlorella vulgaris, is widely used as human health food due to its high nutritional value (Pulz and Gross, 2004), and the majority of Chlorella biomass for human consumption has been sold as tablets or capsules.”
BackgroundScenedesmus obliquus CNW-N as a potential candidate for CO2 mitigation and biodiesel production
Ho, S.-H., Chen, W.-M., & Chang, J.-S. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.112 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“products, and so on (Pulz and Gross, 2004), representing additional benefits from the microalgal CO2 reduction process (de Morais and Costa, 2007b).”
BackgroundFood and feed products from micro-algae: Market opportunities and challenges for the EU
Vigani, M., Parisi, C., Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Barbosa, M. J., Sijtsma, L., Ploeg, M., & Enzing, C. (2015) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2014.12.004 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel Production
Raheem, A., Wan Azlina, W. A. K. G., Taufiq Yap, Y. H., Danquah, M. K., & Harun, R. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.186 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
<i>Dunaliella</i>biotechnology: methods and applications
Hosseini Tafreshi, A., & Shariati, M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“1986; Moulton and Burford 1990) and the flesh and shell of aquatic animals, such as prawns and ornamental fishes, to make them more attractive in the market (Pulz and Gross 2004).”
BackgroundGriffiths, M. J., van Hille, R. P., & Harrison, S. T. L. (2012) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-011-9723-y · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Future prospects of microalgal biofuel production systems
Stephens, E., Ross, I. L., Mussgnug, J. H., Wagner, L. D., Borowitzka, M. A., Posten, C., Kruse, O., & Hankamer, B. (2010) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.06.003 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements
Wang, Y., Tibbetts, S. M., & McGinn, P. J. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10123002 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Cuéllar‐Bermúdez, S. P., García‐Pérez, J. S., Rittmann, B. E., & Parra‐Saldívar, R. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.034 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Different studies have shown that EPA (20:5) is essential for the regulation of some biological functions as prevention factor of arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Pulz and Gross, 2004).”
Kusmayadi, A., Leong, Y. K., Yen, H., Huang, C.-Y., & Chang, J. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129800 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Catalytic deoxygenation of microalgae oil to green hydrocarbons
Zhao, C., Brück, T., & Lercher, J. A. (2013) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c3gc40558c · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Marine Carotenoids: Biological Functions and Commercial Applications
Vílchez, C., Forján, E., Cuaresma, M., Bédmar, F., Garbayo, I., & Vega, J. M. (2011) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md9030319 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Liu, J., Sun, Z., Gerken, H. G., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y., & Chen, F. (2014) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md12063487 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“Microalgae are sunlight-driven cell factories that are able to efficiently utilize carbon dioxide for the production of numerous products such as proteins, polysaccharides, oils, vitamins, carotenoids and other biologically active compounds, and are therefore used in a wide variety of technological applications for th…”
BackgroundAlgal biofilm based technology for wastewater treatment
Kesaano, M., & Sims, R. C. (2014) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.003 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Olivier Bernard, A. (2011) · Journal of Process Control · doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.07.012 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is a wide diversity of innovative applications ranging from pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, cosmetics, fish food, to CO2 capture and bioenergy (Pulz and Gross, 2004; Spolaore et al., 2006).”
BackgroundUdaiyappan, A. F. M., Hasan, H. A., Takriff, M. S., & Abdullah, S. R. S. (2017) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.09.006 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Microalgae as a new source of bioactive compounds in food supplements
Vaz, B. D. S., Moreira, J. B., de Morais, M. G., & Costa, J. A. V. (2016) · Current Opinion in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2015.12.006 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Salehi, B., Sharifi‐Rad, J., Seca, A. M. L., Pinto, D. C. G. A., Michalak, I., Trincone, A., Mishra, A. P., Nigam, M., Zam, W., & Martins, N. A. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24224182 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“Glyco- and phospholipids have applications in cosmetic and beauty products as studied for microalgae originating components of this type [349]; similar compounds from macroalgae could be advantageous and should not be neglected.”
BackgroundTrends and novel strategies for enhancing lipid accumulation and quality in microalgae
Singh, P., Kumari, S., Guldhe, A., Misra, R., Rawat, I., & Bux, F. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Microalgae: a promising tool for carbon sequestration
Singh, U. B., & Ahluwalia, A. S. (2012) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9393-3 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“…α-Tocopherol High Pharmaceutical and nutritional industry (Borowitzka 1992; Apt and Behrens 1999; Kusmic et al. 1999; Grima et al. 2003; Becker 2004; Pulz and Gross 2004; Singh et al. 2005; Thajuddin and Subramanian 2005; Spolaore et al. 2006; Del Campo et al. 2007; Wijffels 2007; Raja et al.…”
BackgroundBitog, J. P., Lee, I. B., Lee, C., Kim, K. S., Hwang, H.-S., Hong, S.-W., Seo, I.-H., Kwon, K.-S., & Mostafa, E. (2011) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2011.01.015 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Microalgae: a novel ingredient in nutrition
Christaki, E. V., Florou-Paneri, P. C., & Bonos, E. (2011) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2011.582460 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“They are used mainly as dietary supplements in the health food market, in the form of powder, capsule, pastille or tablet (Pulz and Gross 2004; Christaki et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlgal extracts: Technology and advances
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. (2014) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.201400139 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Abbreviations: DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EAE, enzyme-assisted extraction; MAE, microwave-assisted extraction; PLE, pressurized liquid extraction; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFE, supercritical fluid extraction; UAE, ultrasound-assisted extraction According to the literature data, the total weight of dry biomass…”
BackgroundMethodRecent Developments in Production and Biotechnological Applications of C-Phycocyanin
Kuddus, M., Singh, P., Thomas, G., & Al-Hazimi, A. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/742859 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“platensis dry weight (>3000 metric ton) that are produced worldwide annually are used for health products and animal feed additives [62, 63].”
BackgroundFlow cytometry for the development of biotechnological processes with microalgae
Hyka, P., Lickova, S., Přibyl, P., Melzoch, K., & Kovar, K. (2012) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.007 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“, 2011) give the size of the microalgal biomass market worldwide as being about 5000 t year−1 of dry matter (Pulz and Gross, 2004) and generating a turnover of ca.”
BackgroundInfluentialCarbon sequestration and the role of biological carbon mitigation: A review
Farrelly, D. J., Everard, C. D., Fagan, C. C., & McDonnell, K. P. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.038 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Electroporation in Food Processing and Biorefinery
Mahnič-Kalamiza, S., Vorobiev, E., & Damijan Miklavčič, A. (2014) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s00232-014-9737-x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“…source of energy (Hannon et al. 2010), food (Draaisma et al. 2013), feed (Skrede et al. 2011; Kiron et al. 2012), cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Pulz and Gross 2004; Gong and Jiang 2011), owing to their high photosynthetic efficiency, higher biomass production and faster growth compared to…”
BackgroundMini-review: Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms
Dobretsov, S., Abed, R. M. M., & Teplitski, M. (2013) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2013.776042 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“Therefore, marine cyanobacteria have been recognised as a rich source of secondary metabolites with AF properties (Burja et al. 2001; Pulz & Gross 2004; Abed et al. 2009; Dobretsov et al. 2010; Kwan et al. 2011).”
The Evolution and Versatility of Microalgal Biotechnology: A Review
Hamed, I. (2016) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12227 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Arbib, Z., Ruiz, J., Álvarez, P., Garrido-Pérez, C., & Perales, J. A. (2013) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.036 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“The organic matter produced by photosynthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria can be transformed into a wide range valuable products, such as pharmaceuticals, food additives and other health-care products (Pulz and Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundFactors Affecting Algae Biofilm Growth and Lipid Production: A Review
Schnurr, P. J., & Allen, D. G. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.090 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pulz, O., & Gross, W.
- Affiliations
- Institut für Getreideverarbeitung (Germany) (DE)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Pulz, Otto
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2004-08-06
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 635-648
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- OpenAlex
- W2044809902
- Cited by
- 2,132
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 152 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Keywords
- microalgae, microalgal biotechnology, microalgal biomass, food and feed, genetic engineering of microalgae, pharmaceutical applications, ecological applications, screening method
- MeSH terms
- Biotechnology, Drug Industry, Food Industry, Eukaryota
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