Highly Stretchable Fully-Printed CNT-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biofuel Cells: Combining Intrinsic and Design-Induced Stretchability
Open accessAbstract
We present the first example of an all-printed, inexpensive, highly stretchable CNT-based electrochemical sensor and biofuel cell array. The synergistic effect of utilizing specially tailored screen printable stretchable inks that combine the attractive electrical and mechanical properties of CNTs with the elastomeric properties of polyurethane as a binder along with a judiciously designed free-standing serpentine pattern enables the printed device to possess two degrees of stretchability. Owing to these synergistic design and nanomaterial-based ink effects, the device withstands extremely large levels of strains (up to 500% strain) with negligible effect on its structural integrity and performance. This represents the highest stretchability offered by a printed device reported to date. Extensive electrochemical characterization of the printed device reveal that repeated stretching, torsional twisting, and indenting stress has negligible impact on its electrochemical properties. The wide-range applicability of this platform to realize highly stretchable CNT-based electrochemical sensors and biofuel cells has been demonstrated by fabricating and characterizing potentiometric ammonium sensor, amperometric enzyme-based glucose sensor, enzymatic glucose biofuel cell, and self-powered biosensor. Highly stretchable printable multianalyte sensor, multifuel biofuel cell, or any combination thereof can thus be realized using the printed CNT array. Such combination of intrinsically stretchable printed nanomaterial-based electrodes and strain-enduring design patterns holds considerable promise for creating an attractive class of inexpensive multifunctional, highly stretchable printed devices that satisfy the requirements of diverse healthcare and energy fields wherein resilience toward extreme mechanical deformations is mandatory.
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A CNT based electrochemical sensor and biofuel cell (BFC) can endure strains as high as 500% with no effect on structural integrity and sensor performance.
“His team further built a CNT based electrochemical sensor and biofuel cell (BFC) that can endure strains as high as 500% with no effect on structural integrity and sensor performance (Figure 6d).[67]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Electrochemical characterization revealed that repeated strain (from 0% to 500%), torsional twisting (180° for 50 cycles) and indenting stress (5 mm depth for 50 repetitions) had negligible effect on the device properties.
“Electrochemical characterization of the device revealed that repeated strain (from 0% to 500%), torsional twisting (180° for 50 cycles) and indenting stress (5 mm depth for 50 repetitions) had negligible effect on its device properties as shown in Figure 6e.”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
A CNT-based device functionalized with selective ionophores and enzymes was developed to realize a wide-range of applications toward potentiometric ammonium sensor ((0.1-100)×10^-3 M), amperometric enzyme based glucose sensor ((0-10)×10^-3 M), enzymatic glucose BFC and self-powered biosensor.
“A CNT-based device functionalized with selective ionophores and enzymes was developed to realize a wide-range of applications toward potentiometric ammonium sensor ((0.1-100) × 10 -3 m), amperometric enzyme based glucose sensor ((0-10) × 10 -3 m), enzymatic glucose BFC and self-powered biosensor (Figure 6f).”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Integration of multiple electrochemical sensors into a textile substrate allows for detecting various biochemical parameters such as glucose, ammonium, sodium, and potassium in real time.
“Integration of multiple electrochemical sensors into a textile substrate allows for detecting various biochemical parameters such as glucose, ammonium, sodium, and potassium in real time.[67,171]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Power can be harvested from various sources including temperature difference and mechanical sources such as body movements and vibrations.
“The power can be harvested from various sources including temperature difference and mechanical sources such as body movements and vibrations.[66,67,75,131,133,162,200,201]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Bandodkar, A. J., Jeerapan, I., You, J.-M., Nuñez-Flores, R., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- Venue
- Nano Letters
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-12-29
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 721-727
- ISSN
- 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6992
- PMC
- PMC4713296
- OpenAlex
- W2237658902
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 22
- FWCI
- 14.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nano Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R21EB019698)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (DE-AR0000535)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- carbon nanotubes, electrochemical sensor, biofuel cells, polyurethane binder, strain tolerance, glucose sensor, enzyme biosensor, self-powered biosensor, wearable devices
- MeSH terms
- Bioelectric Energy Sources, Electrodes, Printing, Biosensing Techniques, Nanotechnology, Nanotubes, Carbon
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