Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis
Open accessAbstract
Sensory receptors in human skin transmit a wealth of tactile and thermal signals from external environments to the brain. Despite advances in our understanding of mechano- and thermosensation, replication of these unique sensory characteristics in artificial skin and prosthetics remains challenging. Recent efforts to develop smart prosthetics, which exploit rigid and/or semi-flexible pressure, strain and temperature sensors, provide promising routes for sensor-laden bionic systems, but with limited stretchability, detection range and spatio-temporal resolution. Here we demonstrate smart prosthetic skin instrumented with ultrathin, single crystalline silicon nanoribbon strain, pressure and temperature sensor arrays as well as associated humidity sensors, electroresistive heaters and stretchable multi-electrode arrays for nerve stimulation. This collection of stretchable sensors and actuators facilitate highly localized mechanical and thermal skin-like perception in response to external stimuli, thus providing unique opportunities for emerging classes of prostheses and peripheral nervous system interface technologies.
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The PN junction method has advantages of small size, fast response time, and good linearity.
“The advantage of this method is its small size, fast response time, and good linearity.[106,217]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
In the section on SiNR sensors (page unavailable), the paper describes the diode temperature sensors’ nonlinear characteristics as an advantage, contrary to the claimed advantage of good linearity. Its statement that sensors have a linear and fast response concerns SiNR strain gauges, not the p–n-junction temperature sensors; the cited passages also do not establish small size as an advantage of the junction method. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn PN junction temperature sensors, forward voltage varies with temperature, converting heat into electrical signals in diodes and transistors.
“Whereas the forward voltage in PN junction temperature sensors can vary with temperature, converting the heat into electrical signals in the diodes and transistors.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
The ‘Characterization of SiNR temperature sensors’ section (page unavailable) describes p–n-diode sensors calibrated by plotting voltage at a fixed current against temperature. This supports the temperature-dependent voltage claim for diodes, but the cited passages do not establish it for transistors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVarious soft mechanical and thermal actuators have been extensively adopted as artificial muscles and heat sources in prosthetic actuation.
“Currently, various soft mechanical[76,460] and thermal actuators[106,461] have been extensively adopted as artificial muscles and heat sources in prosthetic actuation.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
The Results describe electroresistive thermal actuators that heat a prosthetic skin layer, and the section on SiNR mechanical sensors reports that the heater can maintain body temperature. This supports the thermal-actuator example, but this paper does not establish that various actuators have been extensively adopted across prosthetic applications. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter touching a baby doll with a robotic hand with the e-skin, heat transfer to the doll was similar to that of a human natural hand.
“After touching a baby doll using a robotic hand with the e-skin, the heat transfer to the baby doll is then captured with an infrared camera, which is similar to that of human natural hand (Figure 14C).[106]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
The SiNR mechanical sensors section says the artificial skin was heated to about 36.5 °C to mimic body temperature and that heat transfer to the baby doll was captured with an IR camera. The Figure 5 caption says heat remained after the prosthetic hand was removed. Our copy does not report a comparison of that heat transfer with a natural human hand. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther sensors integrated within textiles have been utilized for physiological monitoring such as respiration, heart rate, and temperature measurements.
“Other sensors integrated within textiles have been utilized for physiological monitoring such as respiration,36 heart rate,37 and temperature measurements.38”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
The 'SiNR mechanical sensors with site-specific sensitivity' section describes temperature-sensor arrays on prosthetic skin and reports temperature monitoring when a prosthetic hand touches a hot cup (page unavailable). It does not describe sensors integrated within textiles or using them to monitor a person's physiological temperature. Citation 38 attaches to temperature measurements, not to respiration or heart rate. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Skin-like thermal actuators can be used for prosthetic applications, AR/VR feedback thermal stimulators, and thermal therapy in rehabilitation.
“Specifically, these skin-like thermal actuators can be used for prosthetic applications,[106,502] AR/VR feedback thermal stimulators,[191,503,504] and thermal therapy in rehabilitation.[505–507]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
Many studies have shown that feedback stimulation has the potential to regain tactile and thermal sensation in amputees and improve their accuracy and confidence in manipulating prostheses, such as grasping objects.
“Many studies have shown that feedback stimulation has the potential to not only regain tactile and thermal sensation in amputees,[106,518] but also improve their accuracy and confidence in manipulating the prosthesis, such as grasping objects.[157,455]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
Various soft conductive materials such as thin metal, conductive polymers, and nanomaterials can be thermally actuated in the form of resistors.
“Various soft conductive materials such as thin metal,[106] conductive polymers,[508] nanomaterials,[509] etc. can be thermally actuated in the form of resistors.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
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Self-citationMultifunctional Skin‐Inspired Flexible Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronics
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Self-citationThe rise of intelligent matter
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Energy Harvesters for Wearable and Stretchable Electronics: From Flexibility to Stretchability
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Graphene-based wearable piezoresistive physical sensors
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Skin-inspired quadruple tactile sensors integrated on a robot hand enable object recognition
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Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor Patch Enabling Ultralow Power Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement
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Sensitive Wearable Temperature Sensor with Seamless Monolithic Integration
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Self-citationMaterial‐Based Approaches for the Fabrication of Stretchable Electronics
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A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation
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Prosthesis with neuromorphic multilayered e-dermis perceives touch and pain
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Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare
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A Hyper‐Stretchable Elastic‐Composite Energy Harvester
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Self-citationFlexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes for next-generation displays
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Device-assisted transdermal drug delivery
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kim, J., Lee, M., Shim, H. J., Ghaffari, R., Cho, H. R., Son, D., Jung, Y. H., Soh, M., Choi, C., Jung, S., Chu, K., Jeon, D., Lee, S.-T., Kim, J. H., Choi, S. H., Hyeon, T., & Kim, D.-H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- MC10 (United States) (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Seoul National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Dae-Hyeong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2014-12-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5747-5747
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032423464
- Semantic Scholar
- f1a9d12337d9de609d2e9f9f27146162394edfe5
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 192 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 43
- FWCI
- 46.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanowire Synthesis and Applications
- Keywords
- stretchable electronics, silicon nanoribbons, smart prosthetics, strain sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensor, microelectrode arrays, neurostimulation, tactile sensing, bionic systems
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Humans, Inflammation, Movement, Pressure, Prosthesis Design, Silicon, Skin, Temperature, Skin, Artificial, Nanotechnology, Nanotubes, Carbon, Touch Perception
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